The Golgi apparatus (GA) is a highly dynamic organelle, which is mainly involved in the post-translational processing and targeting of cellular proteins and which undergoes significant morphological changes in response to different physiological and pathological conditions. In the present study, we have analyzed the possible alterations of GA in neurons from the temporal neocortex and hippocampus of Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients, using double immunofluorescence techniques, confocal microscopy and 3D quantification techniques. We found that in AD patients, the percentage of temporal neocortical and CA1 hippocampal pyramidal neurons with a highly altered GA is much higher (approximately 65%) in neurons with neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) than in NFT-free neurons (approximately 6%). Quantitative analysis of the surface area and volume of GA elements in neurons revealed that, compared with NFT-free neurons, NFT-bearing neurons had a reduction of approximately one half in neocortical neurons and one third in CA1 neurons. In both regions, neurons with a pre-tangle stage of phospho-tau accumulation had surface area and GA volume values that were intermediate, that is, between those of NFT-free and NFT-bearing neurons. These findings support the idea that the progressive accumulation of phospho-tau is associated with structural alterations of the GA including fragmentation and a decrease in the surface area and volume of GA elements. These alterations likely impact the processing and trafficking of proteins, which might contribute to neuronal dysfunction in AD.

ResumenEn este trabajo se describen las diferentes actividades docentes que pueden realizarse con los sistemas de autoevaluación del aprendizaje que están incluidas en muchas de los actuales entornos virtuales basados en el servicio web. Junto a cada una de ellas se indican algunas experiencias reales llevadas a cabo por los propios autores y otros profesores de la Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Industriales en actividades docentes de asignaturas pertenecientes a titulaciones oficiales impartidas en la ETSII-UPM. El entorno virtual utilizado en estas experiencias es la plataforma AulaWeb.Palabras clave: Autoevaluación, prueba objetiva, teleformación, aprendizaje mixto, entorno virtual AbstractIn this work, several activities that can be carried out by means of self-assessment modules of web-based learning management systems are described. Some self-assessment experiences developed by the authors and other teachers of the ETSI Industriales of the Universidad Politécnica de Madrid in activities of different courses taught in this engineering faculty are explained. The learning management system used in these experiences is AulaWeb. Keywords: Self-assessment, objective test, e-learning, blended learning, new technologies, virtual environment IntroducciónDesde el punto de vista didáctico, la evaluación o control como elemento de verificación es concepto crítico en el aprendizaje y un pilar fundamental que debe

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