Generally emulsions are water-in-oil or oil-inwater type, but emulsions may contain polar liquid as one of the phase. Non-aqueous emulsions are useful in many situations where presence of water is not desirable, and formulation of active ingredients which undergo hydrolysis or oxidation in the presence of water. The study was to design a stable non-aqueous nanoemulsion (NANE) using cosmetically approved ingredients as a vehicle for the water-sensitive active ingredients. Non-aqueous nanoemulsion was designed to increase the dermal penetration and permeation and study solubility and dermal bioavailability of griseofulvin. For better compliance, the NANEs will be incorporated in cosmetics or personal care products. A non-aqueous system was obtained with glycerin and olive oil stabilized by glycerol monosterate with co-surfactant. It was observed that emulsification behavior is completely unpredictable and conventional theories of emulsification and HLB system cannot be applied here. An optimized NANE was obtained through implementation of pseudo-ternary phase diagram. Pseudo-ternary phase diagram was constructed using surfactant and co-surfactant ratio (1:1, 2:1, 3:1, 4:1) and nanoemulsion region was determined and further characterized for pH, rheology, globule size analysis, zeta potential and stability. Stability studies (agitation, centrifugation, freeze thaw cycle, accelerated stability) were carried out at 5, 25 and 40°C. Cream was stable at 5 and 25. Results proved that NANE can be used as vehicle for the poorly water-soluble drug, suspension vehicles and oleogels.

The objective of this study was to investigate whether the miscibility of a drug and coformer, as predicted by Hansen solubility parameters (HSPs), can indicate cocrystal formulation. It was also our aim to evaluate various HSPs-based approaches in miscibility predication. It is concerned with some new aspects of solvent properties, and these properties can help predict solvent behavior during the manufacturing processes and will be useful in predicting behavior in many other fields of endeavor. The work on the solubility parameter, in particular, deals with fundamental attractions among materials and should have broad application. To say that hydrogen bonding had no significant effect on solvent retention without defining hydrogen bonding was not satisfactory. To better define hydrogen bonding and polar bonding, a study based on the solubility parameter was initiated. This eventually led to the concept of a three-dimensional (3D) solubility parameter (E). The 3D solubility parameter is has been assumed that ∆E is given by the simple sum of the energies arising from dispersion forces, ∆E d , polar forces, ∆E P , and hydrogen bonding forces, ∆E h. Group contribution method for the estimation of Hansen solubility parameters of pure organic compounds is presented by characteristic groups ensure the prediction of HSP for a broad series of organic compounds, including those having complex multiring, heterocyclic, and aromatic structures. The predictions are exclusively based on the molecular structure of compounds, and no experimental data are needed. Solubility parameters for solutes are obtained by group contribution method. Using Fedor's substituent constants, Hoy's molar attraction constants and Van Kreevalen constants were calculated and are currently used methods. The resultant Δ values of active pharmaceutical ingredient and coformers are compared, and their solid-state miscibility is expressed. Possibility of cocrystal formulation by Krevlens is Δδ < 5MP and Greenhalgh Δδ < 7MP can be predicted.

Polymeric micelles have been extensively studied as nanocarriers for hydrophobic drugs. They can be designed to have the intensity of duration and blood circulation, as well as binding specificity to certain highly stressed receptors on the surface of cancer cells. y. The incorporation of these agents into nanoparticles reduces the adverse effects of standard chemotherapy on healthy tissues. Such nanoparticles, considered to be drug-transporting vehicles, are versatile and include micelles, liposomes, dendrimers, nanocapsules, nanospheres and more. Polymeric micelles have been extensively studied as nanocarriers for hydrophobic drugs. They can be designed to have the intensity of duration and circulation, as well as binding specifications to certain more receptors expressed on the surface of cancer cells. When these drug-induced nanoparticles reach the plant surface, an external stimulus, such as ultrasound, can be used to introduce local and temporary drug release.

Nanotechnology involves creating and using the materials, devices or systems on the nanometer scale respectively. Nanotechnology is the science that deals with the process that occurs at molecular level and of nano length scale size. Nano refers to the particle size range of 1-1000nm. Nanosuspensions are coming under nanotechnology. The major challenge faced by today's pharmacologist and formulation scientist is ocular drug delivery. In the past two decades, ocular drug delivery research accelerated advanced towards developing a novel, safe and patient compliant formulation and drug delivery devices/techniques, which may surpass these barriers and maintain drug levels in tissues. These novel devices and/or formulations may help to surpass ocular barriers and associated side effects with conventional topical drops. The particle size influences its functionality in terms of its uptake, residence in circulation, adherence, degradation, clearance. This review article describes considerations of nanosuspension for ocular delivery, ocular barriers, strategies to overcome blood ocular barriers, ocular drug-delivery mechanisms, ocular pharmacotherapy, conventional pharmacotherapy of ocular diseases, and applications of nanosuspensions in ocular delivery.