This paper takes a look at productive part of derivation of verbs in Finnic languages, frequentative verbs that have an l-derivational suffix in Livonian and how they occur and are constructed. The research is based on data of 15 different l-suffix verbs. The paper investigates how formally frequentative verbs are constructed in Livonian and if they are frequentative in their meaning. An essential criterion to interpret a verb as a derivative is that it has a derivational base, typically an underived word stem, and the paper attempts to find out if Livonian l-suffix verbs have one. Additionally, the paper aims to study if frequentative derivation is still productive in Livonian and to what degree frequentative l-derivatives have been lexicalised. Also other Finnic languages are taken into consideration when examining the derivational base and distribution for Livonian l-suffix verbs.Kokkuvõte. Santra Jantunen: Piir produktiivsuse ja mitteproduktiivsuse vahel – kas liivi keele frekventatiivverbid on derivatiivsed või leksikaliseerunud? Artikkel vaatleb läänemeresoome keeltes produktiivset verbituletuse osa, frekventatiivseid l-tuletisi liivi keeles, kuidas nad esinevad ja on moodustatud. Uurimus põhineb andmetel 15 l-liitega verbi kohta. Artiklis jälgitakse, kuidas vormiliselt frekventatiivsed verbid on liivi keeles moodustatud ning kas need on frekventatiivid ka tähenduse poolest. Oluliseks kriteeriumiks verbi määratlemisel tuletisena on selle tuletusaluse olemasolu; artiklis püütakse selgitada, kas liivi l-liitelistel verbidel on alustüvi. Lisaks on artikli eesmärgiks uurida, kas frekventatiivide tuletamine on veel produktiivne liivi keeles ja millisel määral on frekventatiivsed l-tuletised leksikaliseerunud. Samuti on arvesse võetud teisi läänemeresoome keeli, uurides liivi l-tuletisega verbide tuletusaluseid ja levikut.Märksõnad: liivi keel, läänemeresoome keeled, verbituletus, frekventatiivid, produktiivsus, leksikaliseerumineKubbõvõttõks. Santra Jantunen: Produktīvit ja äbproduktīvit vaili rubīž: või līvõ kīel frekventatīvtīemizsõnād ātõ derivatīvizt agā sõnāviļļõ lǟnõd? Kēra tuņšlõb mūši vāldamiersūomõ kēļši produktīvizt tīemizsõnātultõks jaggõ, īžkiz frekventatīvidi l-tultõkši līvõ kīelsõ, nänt jeddõtulmizt kui ne ātõ vīţõd. Tuņšlõks alīzõks ātõ tietõd iļ 15 l-tīedõksõks tīemizsõnā. Kēras vaņţlõb, kui frekventatīvõd tīemizsõnād formõd ātõ līvõ kīels vīţõd ja või ne ātõ frekventatīvõd ka tǟntõks pūolst. Tīemizsõnā vizāks tīemizõks um tǟdzi täm tultõks alīz vȯlmi; kēra kōļõb klīerõ või līvõ ltultõksõks tīemizsõnādõn um alīztõv. Vel sōb tuņšlõd kēras se, või frekventatīvõd tultimi um līvõ kīels vel produktīv ja kui ātõ frekventatīvõd tultõkst sõnāviļļõ lǟnõd. Nei īž um vaņţõltõd mūḑi vāldamiersuomõ kēļi, tuņšlõs līvõ l-tīedõksõks tīemizsõnād tīedõksalīži ja laigtõkst pands tǟdõl mūḑi vāldamiersūomõ kēļi.
No abstract
This paper presents an analysis of an assumed contact-induced change in the Livonian modes of expressing perfective aspect: the adoption of Latvian-origin verbal prefixes expressing perfective aspect. The main objective of this article is to determine whether long-standing contact between Livonian and Latvian has led to the introduction of verbal prefixes as both pure lexical elements and, in parallel, as markers of grammatical functions that distinguish Livonian from its closest cognate languages. The current study is based on the data derived from unpublished recordings and published written material representing spoken Livonian, already extinct as a first language in the traditional speech area. There are a total of eleven Latvian-origin verbal prefixes in Livonian, a language which usually does not display this category. The prefixes are as follows: aiz-, ap-, at-, ie-, iz-, nuo-, pa-, pie-, pōr-, sa-, and uz-. In Latvian, most of these items can be used as bound verbal prefixes and also prepositions marking adverbial functions. In Livonian, these prefixes can be combined with both Livonian and Latvian verbs but, as a rule – except for pa- – they do not occur as prepositions. The frequency of their occurrence in the data varies considerably and, presumably, corresponds to the degree that a given prefix may derive perfective verbs. In fact, verbal prefixation can be considered, to some extent, a means for expressing perfective aspect in Livonian, thereby adding a secondary strategy to the inherent Finnic way of expressing aspectual oppositions, namely the object case alternation and verbal particles.
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