Background: Pharmacovigilance is the science and activities relating to the detection, assessment, understanding, and prevention of adverse effects or any other possible drug-related problems. Adverse drug reaction (ADR) is global problem. It affects majority of population causing morbidity and mortality. Aims and Objectives: The present study was conducted to evaluate undergraduate student’s knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) about pharmacovigilance and ADR reporting. Materials and Methods: KAP-based questionnaire was shared among undergraduate medical students using Microsoft forms to assess the information about knowledge, KAP of pharmacovigilance. The KAP questionnaire was analyzed question-by-question, and the percentage values were calculated with the help of Microsoft Excel software. Results: In our study, 238 under graduate responded to questionnaire, and 80.25% of the total participants defined pharmacovigilance up to the mark, 75.63% were aware of the purpose of pharmacovigilance. Majority of the students (92.02%) knew that which ADRs should be reported. However, most of them did not have any idea of number of days within which serious adverse event in India should report. About 94.12% students agreed that reporting of ADR is necessary and 97.06% of them thought that pharmacovigilance reporting should be made compulsory. Among the respondents, 25.21% had come across ADR in their ward postings, 64.29% under graduate were not trained on reporting ADR, and only 11.34% ever reported ADRs from. Conclusion: From this study, it was clear that undergraduate medical students have good knowledge, positive attitude but lack of practice toward pharmacovigilance.

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Antibiotic resistance is a global public health issue because it affects treatment outcomes, lengthens hospital stays, raises morbidity, heightens mortality risk, and raises medical costs. To that goal, researchers from Indores M.G.M. Medical College and M.Y. Hospital polled undergraduate and graduate medical students on their knowledge of the connection between the use of antibiotics and resistance. This research set intended to determine the KAP of undergraduate and graduate medical students about antibiotics and antibiotic resistance. Research was conducted using a single-center cross-sectional questionnaire at the M.Y. Hospital and M.G.M. Medical College in Indore. All levels of medical education were represented in the sample. Forms (both online and paper) were used to gather data, which was then analysed using descriptive statistics. The research included the input of 280 medical students. Eighty-five percent of the participants were already familiar with the concept of antibiotic resistance, and almost half (47.1%) knew that empiric antibiotic treatment leads to antibiotic resistance. 43.5 percent of respondents agreed that antibiotic treatment should be stopped after symptoms improved. Eighty percent said that their medical school should provide a class on the prudent use of antibiotics. Our findings suggest that efforts should be made to educate medical students on the proper use of antibiotics, alter their perceptions of them, and improve their actual use of them in patients. Antibiotic resistance mechanisms and appropriate use of antibiotics are crucial tools in the fight against public health crises.

As per Age-standardised disability-adjusted life year (DALY) rates per 100,000 inhabitants India is ranked 5 th world wide for major depression, US being on number one. Depression is estimated to affect nearly 340 million people worldwide and is projected to be the second leading cause of disability in the world by the year 2020. 2 Population ABSTRACT Background: Depression is a worldwide illness in the current population. Low levels of L-methylfolate are linked to depression. Present study evaluates the antidepressive activity of acute and chronic administration of L-methylfolate per se in forced swimming test (FST) and tail suspension test (TST) and its interaction with escitalopram in albino mice. Methods: For this 30 swiss albino mice were divided randomly into five groups (n=6) as group I (control,10ml/Kg, p.o) -2% suspension of gum acacia, group II -escitalopram suspension (10mg/kg, p.o), group III-L-methylfolate suspension (3mg/kg, p.o), group IV-L-methylfolate (3mg/kg, p.o) plus escitalopram (5mg/kg, p.o), group V-L-methylfolate(3mg/kg, p.o) plus escitalopram(10mg/kg, p.o), for forced swimming test.In tail suspension test again, mice were divided in five groups as above except that the dose of Lmethylfolate was reduced to 1.25mg/kg. The pharmacologically validated models forced swimming test and tail suspension test were performed in mice to evaluate acute and chronic antidepressant activity of L-methylfolate and its combination with escitalopram respectively, after performing an acute toxicity study. Results: L-methylfolate and L-methylfolate plus escitalopram (10mg/Kg and 5mg/Kg, p.o) showed acute and chronic antidepressant activity in albino mice in FST and TST respectively. In human L-methylfolate is only active form of folic acid that readily crosses the blood brain barrier and utilized by the CNS. It regulates the bioavailability of critical cofactor BH4, required by enzymes synthesizing monoamines whose deficiency leads to depression. Conclusions: Hence, this study suggests antidepresant activity of L-methylfolate per se and as adjuvant with escitalopram when initiated from initiation of antidepressant therapy. Also, L-methylfolate opens the possibility of reducing the dose of antidepressant when used as adjuvant.

Background: Cinnamon is one of the best known spices used as an herbal medicine. Cinnamaldehyde (CNM) the volatile oil, which was present in the essential oil of the bark, is the important constituents of cinnamon. Cinnamon has been investigated for its various effects like peptic ulcer protection, antioxidant property, inhibition of tau aggregation, anti-inflammatory activity, effect on cardiovascular system, anti-nociceptive activity, hepato-protective effects, hypolipidemic and antidiabetic activites. The present study was aimed to evaluate the anxiolytic effect of CNM per se and its interaction with diazepam in swiss albino mice.Methods: Anxiolytic activity was evaluated by elevated plus maze method. A group of 36 healthy mice of either sex weighing 20-30 grams were divided at random into six groups (n=6). CNM and diazepam were dissolved in tween twenty 20% to maintain uniformity of the solvent and given orally. Group I was given twenty 20% (10 ml/kg, p.o.), group II diazepam (0.5 mg/kg, p.o.), group III diazepam (1 mg/kg, p.o.), group IV cinnamaldehyde (100 mg/kg, p.o.), group V cinnamaldehyde (200 mg/kg, p.o.), group VI cinnamaldehyde and diazepam (100 mg/kg and 0.5 mg/kg, p.o.).Results: Cinnamaldehyde per se showed no anxiolytic effect at any dose (p<0.05). The standard drug diazepam has shown significant anxiolytic activity on elevated plus maze. Whereas combination of diazepam 0.5 mg/kg and cinnamaldehyde 100 mg/kg showed significant increase in the time spent in open arms as compared to all groups (p<0.05).Conclusions: CNM per se did not show any effect on anxiety but enhanced the action of diazepam when co-administered.