Diabetes mellitus is a major healthcare problem in India. Oral anti diabetic agents are the most commonly prescribed drugs for type 2 diabetes. The aim of the study was to evaluate the recent pattern of drug utilization of anti-diabetic drugs in diabetic patients and observe adverse drug events (ADEs) associated with anti-diabetic therapy. Methods: A prospective study was carried out in diabetic patients visiting the Diabetic OPD and those fulfilling inclusion criteria were included in study.  Demographic data, drug utilization pattern and ADEs due to Anti-diabetic drugs were summarized. Results: In the present study, 110 (58.25%) were males and 96 (46.60%) were females. Majority of patients, Metformin was the most commonly prescribed drug. 71.1 % of patients were prescribed with triple therapy. Co-morbid condition was found in 91 patients where hypertension (18.44%) being the most common co-morbid condition. 81 ADRs were observed with GIT upset being the most common ADR reported. Conclusions: The present study helps to find out recent prescribing pattern of oral diabetic medications with different co-morbidities. Therefore,   understanding of the existing prescribing patterns, trends of antidiabetic drugs their beneficial effect and mechanism can help to overcome progression of disease.

Background: Schizophrenia as a psychotic disorder is currently treated by various antipsychotic drugs. A large group of patients still remain resistant to the treatment and present in the form of residual cognitive deficits. Donepezil has been advocated at various conferences and seminars for using it in schizophrenia patients. Donepezil is currently approved drug for Alzheimer's disease to improve cognition. Hence, we have tried to assess its role for psychotic models induced by methylphenidate in mice.Methods: Methylphenidate 5 mg/kg was given by intraperitoneal (i.p) route to induce psychosis in Swiss albino mice (n=6). Donepezil was given alone in a dose of 1 mg/kg and in combination with low dose haloperidol 0.1 mg/kg and groups were compared with haloperidol 0.2 mg/kg. Activity of donepezil was also assessed on the haloperidol induced catalepsy test. Statistical analysis was done with ANOVA followed by Bonferroni’s test.Results: Methylphenidate successfully induced characteristic stereotypy behaviour in mice similar to amphetamine. Both donepezil 1 mg/kg and haloperidol 0.2 mg/kg showed significant reduction in stereotypy behaviour and there was no statistically significant difference between the two (p<0.05). Effects with donepezil were only slightly inferior to standard while it’s combination (1 mg/kg with haloperidol 0.1 mg/kg) showed comparable results with the standard haloperidol. Donepezil had only marginally enhanced potential to induce catatonia which was statistically insignificant (p>0.05).Conclusions: Methylphenidate can be used successfully to induce psychosis in animals and donepezil may be a promising and potentially useful drug as add on therapy to routine antipsychotics.

Background: Cinnamon is one of the best known spices used as an herbal medicine. Cinnamaldehyde (CNM) the volatile oil, which was present in the essential oil of the bark, is the important constituents of cinnamon. Cinnamon has been investigated for its various effects like peptic ulcer protection, antioxidant property, inhibition of tau aggregation, anti-inflammatory activity, effect on cardiovascular system, anti-nociceptive activity, hepato-protective effects, hypolipidemic and antidiabetic activites. The present study was aimed to evaluate the anxiolytic effect of CNM per se and its interaction with diazepam in swiss albino mice.Methods: Anxiolytic activity was evaluated by elevated plus maze method. A group of 36 healthy mice of either sex weighing 20-30 grams were divided at random into six groups (n=6). CNM and diazepam were dissolved in tween twenty 20% to maintain uniformity of the solvent and given orally. Group I was given twenty 20% (10 ml/kg, p.o.), group II diazepam (0.5 mg/kg, p.o.), group III diazepam (1 mg/kg, p.o.), group IV cinnamaldehyde (100 mg/kg, p.o.), group V cinnamaldehyde (200 mg/kg, p.o.), group VI cinnamaldehyde and diazepam (100 mg/kg and 0.5 mg/kg, p.o.).Results: Cinnamaldehyde per se showed no anxiolytic effect at any dose (p<0.05). The standard drug diazepam has shown significant anxiolytic activity on elevated plus maze. Whereas combination of diazepam 0.5 mg/kg and cinnamaldehyde 100 mg/kg showed significant increase in the time spent in open arms as compared to all groups (p<0.05).Conclusions: CNM per se did not show any effect on anxiety but enhanced the action of diazepam when co-administered.

Background- The mental health of students has been significantly impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic. Therefore, it is of the utmost importance to keep an eye on and supervise students' mental health during emergencies like pandemics. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the results of previous investigations into the incidence of stress, anxiety, and depressive symptoms among medical students during the COVID-19 pandemic. Objective Analysis of Impact of COVID-19 on stress, anxiety and depression among 1st & 2nd MBBS medical students in central India : A cross sectional study" Materials and Methods: Methodology- This online cross-sectional survey-based study was conducted on undergraduate medical students after it was given permission by the institution's ethics committee. For the collection of baseline socio-demographic information, a structured pre-validated questionnaire was used, and a standard DASS 21 (twenty one items) questionnaire was used for the measurement of depression, anxiety, and stress among undergraduate medical students. Result- 12.3% of participants had extremely severe depression, and 10.9% had severe depression. 27% of participants scored moderately depressed, and 18.2% scored mildly. 39% of participants were normal.

The aim of the study to to evaluate and analyse ADRs in type II diabetic patients and to determine the causality and safety profile of all the prescribed medicationsMethods: A prospective study was carried out in diabetic patients visiting the Diabetic OPD and those fulfilling inclusion criteria were included in study.  ADR observed were obtained from their Diabetic Diary and were recorded in the Case Record Form to evaluate the incidence,frequency, severity and causalityResults: A total of 81 ADRs were reported from206 patients. The class of drug responsible for causing more ADRs was found to be biguanides. The mostcommonly affected organ system was GI System. The suspected ADRs were assessed for their causality,it wasrevealed that 26 were probable and 55 were possible as per WHO Scale. Conclusions: The present study helps to understand importance of ADR reporting to ensure maximum benefits of drugtherapy.  As the cases of new onset diabetes is also increasing in Indian scenario as well as newer drugs are also developed to target the disease pathology, therefore active pharmacovigilance should be carried out for risk identification and management.