Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) is a neurological brain disorder that causes dementia and neurological dysfunction, affecting memory, behavior, and cognition. Deep Learning (DL), a kind of Artificial Intelligence (AI), has paved the way for new AD detection and automation methods. The DL model’s prediction accuracy depends on the dataset’s size. The DL models lose their accuracy when the dataset has an imbalanced class problem. This study aims to use the deep Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) to develop a reliable and efficient method for identifying Alzheimer’s disease using MRI. In this study, we offer a new CNN architecture for diagnosing Alzheimer’s disease with a modest number of parameters, making it perfect for training a smaller dataset. This proposed model correctly separates the early stages of Alzheimer’s disease and displays class activation patterns on the brain as a heat map. The proposed Detection of Alzheimer’s Disease Network (DAD-Net) is developed from scratch to correctly classify the phases of Alzheimer’s disease while reducing parameters and computation costs. The Kaggle MRI image dataset has a severe problem with class imbalance. Therefore, we used a synthetic oversampling technique to distribute the image throughout the classes and avoid the problem. Precision, recall, F1-score, Area Under the Curve (AUC), and loss are all used to compare the proposed DAD-Net against DEMENET and CNN Model. For accuracy, AUC, F1-score, precision, and recall, the DAD-Net achieved the following values for evaluation metrics: 99.22%, 99.91%, 99.19%, 99.30%, and 99.14%, respectively. The presented DAD-Net outperforms other state-of-the-art models in all evaluation metrics, according to the simulation results.

Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is a neurological brain disorder marked by dementia and neurological dysfunction that affects memory, behavioral patterns, and reasoning. Alzheimer's disease is an incurable disease that primarily affects people over the age of 40. Presently, Alzheimer's disease is diagnosed through a manual evaluation of a patient's MRI scan and neuropsychological examinations. Deep Learning (DL), a type of Artificial Intelligence (AI), has pioneered new approaches to automate medical image diagnosis. The goal of this study is to create a reliable and efficient approach for classifying AD using MRI by applying the deep Convolutional Neural Network (CNN). In this paper, we propose a new CNN architecture for detecting AD with relatively few parameters and the proposed solution is ideal for training a smaller dataset. This proposed model successfully distinguishes the early stages of Alzheimer's disease and shows class activation maps as a heat map on the brain. The proposed Alzheimer's Disease Detection Network (ADD-Net) is built from scratch to precisely classify the stages of AD by decreasing parameters and calculation costs. The Kaggle MRI image dataset has a significant class imbalance problem and we exploited a synthetic oversampling technique to evenly distribute the image among the classes to prevent the problem of class imbalance. The proposed ADD-Net is extensively evaluated against DenseNet169, VGG19, and InceptionResNet V2 using precision, recall, F1-score, Area Under the Curve (AUC), and loss. The ADD-Net achieved the following values for evaluation metrics: 98.63%, 99.76%, 98.61%, 98.63%, 98.58%, and 0.0549 for accuracy, AUC, F1-score, precision, recall, and loss, respectively. From the simulation results, it is noted that the proposed ADD-Net outperforms other state-of-the-art models in all the evaluation metrics.

Accurate patient disease classification and detection through deep-learning (DL) models are increasingly contributing to the area of biomedical imaging. The most frequent gastrointestinal (GI) tract ailments are peptic ulcers and stomach cancer. Conventional endoscopy is a painful and hectic procedure for the patient while Wireless Capsule Endoscopy (WCE) is a useful technology for diagnosing GI problems and doing painless gut imaging. However, there is still a challenge to investigate thousands of images captured during the WCE procedure accurately and efficiently because existing deep models are not scored with significant accuracy on WCE image analysis. So, to prevent emergency conditions among patients, we need an efficient and accurate DL model for real-time analysis. In this study, we propose a reliable and efficient approach for classifying GI tract abnormalities using WCE images by applying a deep Convolutional Neural Network (CNN). For this purpose, we propose a custom CNN architecture named GI Disease-Detection Network (GIDD-Net) that is designed from scratch with relatively few parameters to detect GI tract disorders more accurately and efficiently at a low computational cost. Moreover, our model successfully distinguishes GI disorders by visualizing class activation patterns in the stomach bowls as a heat map. The Kvasir-Capsule image dataset has a significant class imbalance problem, we exploited a synthetic oversampling technique BORDERLINE SMOTE (BL-SMOTE) to evenly distribute the image among the classes to prevent the problem of class imbalance. The proposed model is evaluated against various metrics and achieved the following values for evaluation metrics: 98.9%, 99.8%, 98.9%, 98.9%, 98.8%, and 0.0474 for accuracy, AUC, F1-score, precision, recall, and loss, respectively. From the simulation results, it is noted that the proposed model outperforms other state-of-the-art models in all the evaluation metrics.

Since the advent of email services, spam emails are a major concern because users’ security depends on the classification of emails as ham or spam. It’s a malware attack that has been used for spear phishing, whaling, clone phishing, website forgery, and other harmful activities. However, various ensemble Machine Learning (ML) algorithms used for the detection and filtering of spam emails have been less explored. In this research, we offer a ML based optimized algorithm for detecting spam emails that have been enhanced using Hyper-parameter tuning approaches. The proposed approach uses two feature extraction modules, namely Count-Vectorizer and TFIDF-Vectorizer that provide the most effective classification results when we applied them to three different publicly available email data sets: Ling Spam, UCI SMS Spam, and Proposed dataset. Moreover, to extend the performance of classifiers we used various ML methods such as Naive Bayes (NB), Logistic Regression (LR), Extra Tree, Stochastic Gradient Descent (SGD), XG-Boost, Support Vector Machine (SVM), Random Forest (RF), Multi Layer Perception (MLP), and parameter optimization approaches such as Manual search, Random search, Grid search, and Genetic algorithm. For all three data sets, the SGD outperformed other algorithms. All of the other ensembles (Extra Tree, RF), linear models (LR, Linear-SVC), and MLP performed admirably, with relatively high precision, recall, accuracies and F1-Score.