The COVID-19 pandemic has surprised the entire population. The world has had to face an unprecedented pandemic. Only, Spanish flu had similar disastrous consequences. As a result, drastic measures (lockdown) have been adopted worldwide. Healthcare service has been overwhelmed by the extraordinary influx of patients, often requiring high intensity of care. Mortality has been associated with severe comorbidities, including chronic diseases. Patients with frailty were, therefore, the victim of the SARS-COV-2 infection. Allergy and asthma are the most prevalent chronic disorders in children and adolescents, so they need careful attention and, if necessary, an adaptation of their regular treatment plans. Fortunately, at present, young people are less suffering from COVID-19, both as incidence and severity. However, any age, including infancy, could be affected by the pandemic. Based on this background, the Italian Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology has felt it necessary to provide a Consensus Statement. This expert panel consensus document offers a rationale to help guide decision-making in the management of children and adolescents with allergic or immunologic diseases.

The early microbiota is proposed to have a role in the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis (AD). Therefore, it has been argued that modulating the host's gut microbiota could be an approach for preventing and/or treating allergic diseases. Among different factors that can modulate the gut microbiota to lead to preventive or therapeutic effects on pediatric allergic diseases, probiotic supplementation has been currently discussed with controversial results. Several reasons can be suggested for this, which may include the choice of the "right" probiotic, the dosage, the timing (window of opportunity), and the presence of many confounding factors that influence the success of a probiotic supplementation such as diet, age, obesity, ethnicity, and other environmental exposures. 2 | ME THODS The present review provides an overview of the recent evidence from the literature on the efficacy of the most common studied probiotic strains for the prevention and treatment of atopic dermatitis. Evidence published in the last five years has been searched using the MEDLINE and Cochrane Library; specific and overall strains, age, diseases, and type of publication have been used for the research. The search strategy on April 4, 2020, included: ((atopic dermatitis) OR eczema) AND probiotics. Filters: Full text, 5 years, Humans, English, Child: birth-18 years. The systematic literature review identified 74 potentially relevant references. In total, 45 irrelevant papers were excluded after screening the titles. After reviewing the abstracts or full texts, nine studies were excluded. Thus, the actual review includes 20 articles. In

The Authors describe a case of thyrotoxicosis in a newborn presenting with severe tachycardia. The diagnostic and therapeutic approach is also discussed.

Introduction: Smoking is the leading preventable cause of death in the world and the detrimental effects of tobacco on health have been described across the full life span. There is no safe level of tobacco exposure and childhood is the more vulnerable period of life. Current estimates show that 10% of children aged 13-15 years are active smokers and most of them started smoking at ≥11 years of age, due to peer and/or family influence. Moreover, recently, e-cigarette use has spread, particularly among youth. Many school-based smoking prevention interventions have been carried out around the world, the efficacy of which has yet to be established. Materials and methods:In February 2018 we planned an educational program on smoking habit within the Italian Society of Pediatric Respiratory Diseases (SIMRI) ("Dai un calcio al fumo" program). In May 2018 we held 8 interventions at the Fibonacci School (Pisa, Italy), meeting 365 children aged 9 to 13 years and involving a pediatrician and a pediatric resident in a 2-hour lesson focusing on the importance of a healthy lifestyle and smoking habit effects. The children were invited to ask questions and talk about their experiences, with a subsequent 30-minutes collegial discussion. The most frequent questions were collected, as well as students', physicians' and teachers' opinions on each meeting.Results: During our educational interventions the most frequently asked questions were about the discrepancy related to the fact that a dangerous product is legally sold and the potential harmful effects of e-cigarettes. All the children stated that they knew that combustible cigarette smoking was dangerous. Most of them admitted that they feel that smoking habits start from emulating friends and relatives. Almost 70% of the children reported to have at least one smoker relative. Teachers, physicians and students proposed to replicate the meetings the following year. Conclusions:The considerable interest shown by the students, together with the low cost and potential effectiveness of school-based educational measures, suggest that in our country a national educational program should be introduced in schools. Too many children are still exposed to tobacco smoke in the household environment.