This paper focuses on technical and economic analysis of a hydrogen refilling station to provide operational insight through tight coupling of technical models of physical processes and economic models. This allows the dynamic relationships of the system to be captured and analysed to provide short/medium term analytical capability to support system design, planning, and financing. The modelling developed here highlights the need to closely link technical and economic models for technology led projects where technical capability and commercial feasibility are important. The results show that hydrogen fuel can be competitive with petrol on a GBP/KG basis if the return on investment period is over 10 years for PEM electrolysers and 5 for Alkali electrolysers. We also show that subsidies on capital costs (as reflected by some R&D funding programs) make both PEM and alkali technologies cheaper than the equivalent price of petrol, which suggests more emphasis should be put on commercialising R&D funded projects as they have commercial advantages. The paper also shows that a combined wind and grid connected station is preferable so that a higher number of customers are served (i.e. minimum shortage of hydrogen). This paper focuses on technical and economic analysis of a hydrogen refilling station to provide operational insight through 1 tight coupling of technical models of physical processes and economic models. This allows the dynamic relationships of the 2 system to be captured and analysed to provide short/medium term analytical capability to support system design, planning, 3 and financing. The modelling developed here highlights the need to closely link technical and economic models for 4 technology led projects where technical capability and commercial feasibility are important. The results show that hydrogen 5 fuel can be competitive with petrol on a GBP/KG basis if the return on investment period is over 10 years for PEM 6 electrolysers and 5 for Alkali electrolysers. We also show that subsidies on capital costs (as reflected by some R&D funding 7 programs) make both PEM and alkali technologies cheaper than the equivalent price of petrol, which suggests more 8 emphasis should be put on commercialising R&D funded projects as they have commercial advantages. The paper also 9shows that a combined wind and grid connected station is preferable so that a higher number of customers are served (i.e. 10 minimum shortage of hydrogen). 11

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Smart grid efficient load balancing and the need for privacy are, in principle, contradictory. While richer information obtained from frequent energy readings help improve both the prediction and the control of the demand, and, effectively, improve the efficiency of the energy equilibrium production problem, it also gives rise to consumer privacy concerns. This is possible by analysing energy signatures to detect appliance usage and home living patterns of behaviour, which in effect cascades to a range of privacy invasion risks. This paper argues that the objective of energy efficiency might not necessarily be contradictory to protecting user privacy. In particular, we introduce a new notion of smart meter privacy which we call reconciled privacy and we connect it with a simple energy management algorithm that caps the energy a home may con sume in 30 minute intervals by using a rechargeable battery system. System benchmarking is underpinned by formulating a methodology to assess a) utility cost savings, b) wholesale energy savings, and c) privacy protection. Our results suggest that the proposed algorithm will protect customer privacy and will improve energy production efficiency as compared with other energy management schemes. This is due to the algorithm's principle of promoting a universal consumption pattern that is close to its average, which in retrospect allows individual usage differences to be absorbed. To support this work, we use data from trials in Bristol city, which forms part of the 3eHouses EU FP7 project, and we present a prototype implementation showcasing the visualisation of privacy and energy control.