Plant root systems are critical to plant health and productivity, but have been difficult to study due to their subterranean location. From the studies that have been completed, there is evidence that root type matters for both developmental mechanisms and root function. Roots can be divided into different types based on the plant grouping (eudicot versus monocot) or developmental point of origin (embryonic versus post‐embryonic). This article focuses on the post‐embryonic nodal roots of the monocot Zea mays (maize). Maize is the number one cultivated cereal crop worldwide, yet there is limited knowledge about the mature root system. This article presents what is known about the anatomy, morphology, genetic and molecular mechanisms, and environmental factors of maize nodal root development, as well as the current state of knowledge for nodal root function including water and nutrient uptake, symbioses, and lodging resistance. As the world population grows and the climate changes, maize nodal root development and function is one area that can be targeted to improve yield and stress resilience.

T24 HRAS transformed NIH/3T3 mouse Cells (GhrasT-NIH/3T3) in serial tumorigenic in vitro/in vivo Passages give rise to Increasingly aggressive tumorigenic cell Lines T1-A and T2-A and metastatic cell Lines T3-HA and T4-PA.,

Insulin-like growth factor II mRNA-binding protein (IMP) 2 is one of the three homologues (IMP1-3) that belong to a conserved family of mRNA-binding proteins. Its alternative splice product is aberrantly expressed in human hepatocellular carcinoma, and it is therefore identified as HCC. Previous works have indicated that IMP1/ZBP1 (zipcode binding protein) is critical in axon guidance and regeneration by regulating localization and translation of specific mRNAs. However, the role of IMP2 in the nervous system is largely unknown. We used the synapsin promoter-driven adeno-associated viral (AAV) 9 constructs for transgene expression both in vitro and in vivo. These viral vectors have proven to be effective to transduce the neuron-specific overexpression of IMP2 and HCC. Applying this viral vector in the injury-conditioned dorsal root ganglion (DRG) culture demonstrates that overexpression of IMP2 significantly inhibits axons regenerating from the neurons, whereas overexpression of HCC barely interrupts the process. Quantitative analysis of binding affinities of IMPs to β-actin mRNA reveals that it is closely associated with their roles in axon regeneration. Although IMPs share significant structural homology, the distinctive functions imply their different ability to localize specific mRNAs and to regulate the axonal translation.