Lower socioeconomic status is associated with delayed recovery in cardiovascular function after mental stress. Impaired recovery may reflect heightened allostatic load, and constitute a mechanism through which low socioeconomic status enhances cardiovascular disease risk.
Migrants who are privileged by citizenship, class or 'race' are largely still absent from mainstream migration research and theory; until recently, they were generally assumed to be adaptable and acceptable cosmopolites, positive drivers of cross-border transfers of knowledge and skills. This has been addressed by an emerging scholarship on 'expatriates'. This article offers a review and critical reading of that literature; it considers the instabilities and ambiguities of the term 'expatriate' and situates expatriate migrants within the global economy, before examining the gendered nature of expatriation and attending to migrants' incorporation in host contexts and expatriate negotiations of identity. The literature suggests that at the heart of these processes lie complex configurations of racialisation, gender, class and nationality, often involving problematic reproductions of the colonial past. This article argues that these issues are inherently related to the category's inconsistencies, rendering it difficult as a 'category of analysis'. Instead, rather than using the term as a pre-given conceptual frame, it needs to be treated as a 'category of practice' to be investigated in its own right. Especially as the subject becomes more established in migration studies, scholars need to reckon with the ongoing challenge that lies in studying the identity category 'expatriate' while resisting reproducing a reified understanding of it.
What does it mean to be an 'expatriate'; what sort of migration does the term describe; and which migrants can and want to inhabit it? Despite the inconsistencies and controversial nature of the category 'expatriate', its use is extensive (Fechter 2007). Whether embraced or rejected, 'expatriate' remains vital to many migrants' self-identifications as well as wider discourses on migration and performs important work in narrating what sort of migrant one is or wants to be. Especially given the continuing politicisation of international migration and its centrality in processes of globalisation, the term's social and political functions and effects demand attention. This paper examines what it means to be an 'expatriate' in contemporary Cairo through the lens of movements and space-making. As such, it contributes to a growing literature on 'expatriate' migration and engages scholarship thinking space and movement in relational and socio-historical terms, as embedded in wider power relations and co-constitutive with the formation of 'social kinds'. The paper finds that rather than denoting an easily definable and distinguishable group of migrants, 'expatriate' in Cairo emerged as a contingent, unstable and ambiguous category of practice that privileged migrants related to in complex ways, both rejecting and embracing it. As such, 'expatriate' stands in a productive relationship with movement and socio-spatial processes; movement and space underlie and express how 'expatriate' as a social category is inhabited but also challenged by privileged migrants, as they negotiate their 'being in place' in Egypt, their relationship to 'home', to each other and to other migrants. If migrants in contemporary Cairo use the label 'expatriate' to narrate a particular arrangement of (im)mobilities, sociospatial relationships and imaginations, these are crucially linked to 'migratory' privileges rooted in wider hierarchies of citizenship, class, and 'race'. In other words, as subjectivity and practice, the 'expat' implied participation in a set of movements, spatial practices, relations and imaginations that relied on migrants' relatively privileged positions within systems of social difference. Categories of social differentiation moreover intersected to create gradations of privilege, reflected in differentiated 'expatriate' mobilities and spatial experiences. The paper will first introduce literature on expatriates and privileged migration, before discussing scholarship on relational space and the politics of movement. A
This special issue brings together contributions that explore the contemporary relevance of radical adult education foundations and existing and emerging radical adult education spaces and initiatives, which share an aim to critically examine and mobilise against today’s unequal neoliberal migration and mobility regimes. The contributions focus on initiatives that have radical educational components in the broadest sense, are (co-)developed by migrants, refugees, and other migrantised and minoritized people, and which aim at a progressive intervention in the realities under investigation.
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