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This paper describes a web-based collaborative project called A Dance with the Butterflies that applied the brain-based research of the Center for Applied Special Technologies (CAST) and principles of Universal Design for Learning (UDL) to Pre-K-4 science curriculum. Learning experiences were designed for students to invoke the Recognition, Strategic, and Affective neural networks for learning identified in the CAST research. Instruction was based on the Science Education content standard that all students should develop an understanding of the characteristics, life cycles, and environments of living organisms. Teachers designed interdisciplinary projects for students with the metamorphosis of the butterfly as the theme the unit. Participants from nine states and four countries learned about UDL to transform teaching and to collaborate through a blog that supported their learning. They shared new technology applications for use in their projects. The learning that occurred and the excitement to use technology for learning clearly demonstrate the power of the UDL framework for increasing engagement and understanding by all learners.

Estimates for the number of species in the sea vary by orders of magnitude. Molecular taxonomy can greatly speed up screening for diversity and evaluating species boundaries, while gaining insights into the biology of the species. DNA barcoding with a region of cytochrome oxidase 1 (COI) is now widely used as a first pass for molecular evaluation of diversity, as it has good potential for identifying cryptic species and improving our understanding of marine biodiversity. We present the results of a large scale barcoding effort for holothuroids (sea cucumbers). We sequenced 3048 individuals from numerous localities spanning the diversity of habitats in which the group occurs, with a particular focus in the shallow tropics (Indo-Pacific and Caribbean) and the Antarctic region. The number of cryptic species is much higher than currently recognized. The vast majority of sister species have allopatric distributions, with species showing genetic differentiation between ocean basins, and some are even differentiated among archipelagos. However, many closely related and sympatric forms, that exhibit distinct color patterns and/or ecology, show little differentiation in, and cannotbe separatedby, COI sequence data. This pattern is much more common among echinoderms than among molluscs or arthropods, and suggests that echinoderms acquire reproductive isolation at a much faster pace than other marine phyla. Understanding the causes behind such patterns will refine our understanding of diversification and biodiversity in the sea.

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