According to the National Research Council (NRC; 2006), "Most people in this country lack the basic understanding of science that they need to make informed decisions about the many scientific issues affecting their lives" (p. 1). This lack of science understanding may be why few students seek careers in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) in the United States (Next Generation Science Standards [NGSS] Lead States, 2013). Because an understanding of the science curriculum greatly increases students' understanding of how the world works (Mastropieri et al., 2006), all students must be provided adequate opportunities to learn and promote scientific understanding (NRC, 2012). Science content knowledge has been difficult for all students as a result of the frequent separation of science process skills from the construction of science knowledge (Cotabish, Dailey, Robinson, & Hughes, 2013). Students who do not engage in the practices of science view science as abstract and lack an understanding of scientific discovery (National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, 2015). Students' lack of science knowledge may also result from traditional approaches to science instruction that include the use of lecture-based instruction (Fogarty & Geelan, 2013), textbook learning (McCarthy, 2005), and high reading levels that are often misaligned to their intended grade level (Kinder, Bursuck, & Epstein, 1992). Even when teachers read textbook passages aloud, limited vocabulary and background knowledge make textbook learning difficult for students with poor literacy skills (Brigham, Berkeley, Simpkins, & Brigham, 2007). The nature of science education and what it means to "know" science have changed significantly (NRC, 2007). The NGSS were launched to improve student interest and engagement in science through the identification of key scientific concepts and practices that all students should learn prior to high school graduation (NGSS Lead States, 2013). The standards "provide for consistent science education opportunities for all students-regardless of demographicswith a level of rigor expected in every location and community" (Huff, 2016, p. 16). Rather than learning science through memorizing a body of knowledge, students must now use their understanding of science concepts and methodology to engage in experiences and activities employed by scientists (Brigham, Scruggs, & Mastropieri, 2011). This shift in instructional principles benefits students because core ideas are often relevant in multiple units and across subject areas (Scruggs, Brigham, & Mastropieri, 2013).