Polystyrene nanoparticles (PS-NPs) derived from both environmental and occupational sources are an important class of ultrafine particles associated with human pulmonary disorders. The effects of surface charges of particle internalization and toxicity to alveolar cells, especially under conditions comparable to those found during breathing, have not been examined. Here, we applied cyclic stretches (CS) to human alveolar cells during nanoparticle exposure and show an enhanced accumulation of positively charged polystyrene nanoparticles as compared to similar negatively charged particles. The cellular uptake of the positive particles into live cells was visualized with three-dimensional optical diffraction tomography (3-D ODT). The simultaneous application of both periodic stretching as well as positively charged nanoparticles led to blebbing morphology and activation of apoptotic signaling compared to control cells. Our findings provide a better understanding of how surface charge mediates the uptake and toxicity of nanoplastics under the dynamical mechanical conditions relevant for breathing exposures.

ConclusionRecent evidence reveals the impact of probiotics on the regulation of host homeostasis, involving immune health in humans. Also, the use of probiotics can protect the host against infection, reduce harmful bacteria, and stimulate immune response. However, more researches should be done to show the accurate probiotic mechanism to apply Abstract In recent years, the research into probiotics indicates that supplementing with probiotics is probably more important than taking a multi-vitamin or antibiotics. This paper presents the interaction between host-derived probiotics and immunomodulatory. Studies have revealed probiotics can produce a unique substance that affects the expression of particular genes which are related to immune regulation in humans. The effect of gastric microbiota such as Lactobacillus fermentum and Lactobacillus plantarum is an amazing example to demonstrate how they are able to regulate the immune system. In fact, the studies indicate that L. plantarum ZDY 2013 pretreatment can prevent gastric mucosal inflammation induced by h. pylori. In addition, L. fermentum UCO-979C-obtained from human gut shows an efficient growth in the rodent (Mongolian gerbil). It can stop stimulation to produce cytokines like IL8 by h. pylori in gastric adenocarcinoma human cells (AGS) cells.Citation: Ganjbakhsh SE, Rezaee P. The effect of probiotics on immune system.

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In recent years, the research into probiotics indicates that supplementing with probiotics is probably more important than taking a multi-vitamin or antibiotics. This paper presents the interaction between host-derived probiotics and immunomodulatory. Studies have revealed probiotics can produce a unique substance that affects the expression of particular genes which are related to immune regulation in humans. The effect of gastric microbiota such as Lactobacillus fermentum and Lactobacillus plantarum is an amazing example to demonstrate how they are able to regulate the immune system. In fact, the studies indicate that L. plantarum ZDY 2013 pretreatment can prevent gastric mucosal inflammation induced by H. pylori. In addition, L. fermentum UCO-979C-obtained from human gut shows an efficient growth in the rodent (Mongolian gerbil). It can stop stimulation to produce cytokines like IL8 by H. pylori in gastric adenocarcinoma human cells (AGS)cells.