This study aimed to identify, evaluate the antibiotic resistance pattern and detect virulence genes iss, and ompT in avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) from broiler chickens in central Nepal. To determine the antibiotic resistance pattern of the obtained isolates, the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method was used with six different commercial antibiotic discs: Amikacin, Gentamycin, Ciprofloxacin, Doxycycline, Chloramphenicol and Levofloxacin. A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay was used for the selected isolates (n=40) to screen the presence of the iss and ompT genes after the extraction of DNA using the boiling method Out of 60 suspected Colibacillosis liver samples, 40 were confirmed as E. coli positive The antibiogram profile revealed maximum resistance to Doxycycline (87.5%), followed by Levofloxacin (72.5%), Ciprofloxacin (67.5%), Chloramphenicol (40.0%), Gentamycin (32.5%) and Amikacin (10.0%).. The presence of the iss and ompT genes was found to be 100.0% and 90.0%, respectively. APEC was found to be highly resistant to most of the antibiotics. Virulence-associated genes iss and ompT were obtained at high percentages from Colibacillosis suspected broiler chickens in Chitwan, Nepal. These finding suggests that the judicial use of antimicrobials is compulsory to check antibiotic resistance and Colibacillosis outbreaks in poultry farms.

Background. Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) are the known cause of morbidity and mortality, resulting in increased hospitalization, healthcare costs, complications, and decreased adherence in patients with depression. This study is aimed at evaluating adverse drug reactions due to antidepressants among patients with depression in the psychiatric hospital of Nepal. Methods. A hospital-based prospective observational study was conducted among 47 patients using purposive sampling techniques among patients with depression visiting a private psychiatric hospital. The causality, severity, and preventability assessment of reported ADRs was performed using the Naranjo scale, modified Hartwig Siegel’s Severity Assessment Scale, and Schumock and Thornton scale, respectively. The data collected were entered into and analyzed using IBM-SPSS 20.0. Results. The incidence rate of ADR was found to be 4.54%, with females having a higher incidence rate of 5.56%. A total of 54 ADRs were reported. The majority of them were probable (30, 55.55%), moderate (36, 66.66%) and probably preventable (24, 44.44%). Most of the ADRs were managed either by stopping (19, 35.18%) or substituting (19, 35.18%) the suspected drug and 66.66% of the ADRs were recovered. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) were associated with a higher number of ADRs i.e. 34. Conclusion. The findings highlight the need for regular intensive monitoring of ADRs in psychiatric outpatients by clinical pharmacists for early detection and reduction of risk caused by ADRs associated with antidepressants.

Background: Uterine prolapse (UP) is a common reproductive health problem in low-mid-income countries such as Nepal. The current study aimed to explore the factors associated with knowledge regarding UP among women attending the gynecology outpatient department of tertiary care teaching hospital. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among patients visiting the gynecology outpatient department of tertiary care teaching hospital in Nepal from July to September, 2016 using a purposive sampling technique. A suitably designed and validated questionnaire of knowledge consisting of 20 questions was used to determine the knowledge scores. Descriptive statistics and bivariate analysis were used; a p-value <0.05 was taken as significant in multivariate analysis.