Introduction: In the Revised National Tuberculosis Control Program (RNTCP), microscopic examination of sputum for acid-fast bacilli (AFB) is currently the backbone for the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis. Studies have shown liquefaction and concentration of sputum by 5% sodium hypochlorite is useful in providing increased sensitivity and safety for the handling of specimens. Objective: To assess the utility of the 5% Sodium hypochlorite concentration method in increasing the sensitivity of smear microscopy for detection of AFB for diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis. Methods: The study included a total of 1000 sputum samples from 500 patients with suspected pulmonary tuberculosis. Direct smears were prepared from the sputum samples as per RNTCP guidelines. The remaining sputum was used for bleach concentration and smears prepared from the concentrated material. Both smears were stained by Ziehl-Neelsen staining and screened for acid-fast bacilli and graded according to the RNTCP guidelines. Results: A total of 158 samples (15.8%) from 89 patients were positive by a routine direct method whereas by concentration method 236 samples (23.6%) from 143 patients were found positive diagnosing additional 54 patients. The gain in sputum smear positivity of 7.8% over the routine method is highly significant (p=0.0000, χ2= 270) with a 10.8% increase in case detection. Conclusions: Improvement in the sensitivity of smears microscopy will be useful in case detection of tuberculosis especially in resource-poor countries. The increased positivity of microscopy by bleach method indicates that would prove useful if included in the RNTCP to improve case detection. Keywords: Concentration; smear positivity; sodium hypochlorite; tuberculosis.

This paper focuses on the application of solar energy along with microcontrollers to design and run a motor to pump water from various sources. The solar water pump is one of the applications or appliance that perform task with the use of solar radiation. The solar water pump consists of solar PV array, solar pump, inverter, AC water pumping device etc. Solar energy radiation is converted in electrical current or power source which is then used to run a pump and draw water directly from ground, wells, rivers, lakes etc. In this paper, the relationship between flow rate of the water and luminous intensity of the solar irradiance is studied and the data are linearly fitted to find out the correlation between these parameters. Also the study about efficiency of the solar powered water pump shows that the operation of this type of pumping system is quite efficient than other types of fossil fuel engines like diesel, petrol, kerosene etc. in long run. The use of Arduino Uno, flow sensor, LDR sensors in the solar powered water pump helps to analyze the relation between these parameters and know the conditions favorable for excess supply of water in short time efficiently. These solar powered devices are the future of clean and green future of this world. Thus it is not only necessary but also compulsory to enhance the usage of solar energy throughout the globe.

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Introduction:Helicobacter pylori is an important bacterial agent that mediates a range of gastrointestinal illnesses ranging from gastritis to stomach cancer. These problems can be caused by a variety of factors, including but not limited to: Eliminating the Helicobacter pylori bacteria is a viable option for treating or preventing the disorders listed above. Despite the fact that living in the harsh conditions of the stomach's acidic environment was not something that was anticipated in the past. The bacteria known as H. pylori have been shown to have a significant role in the formation of peptic ulcers, as a recent discovery has shown. It manifests as a constant pain or discomfort in the upper abdomen, which is frequently associated with eating or feeling hungry, belching, bloating, nausea, vomiting, early satiety, and heartburn. Other symptoms that may be experienced include early satiety and early satiety, bloating, nausea, and vomiting. In some instances, the pain and suffering come and go at random intervals. Objective:The aim of this study is to compare the H. pylori stool antigen (HpSAg) and Immunoglobulin (Ig M ) serology tests in symptomatic and Asymptomatic population in India, and determine their usefulness. Materials & Methods:The tertiary care center's department of microbiology served as the site for the cross-sectional study, which was carried out there between September 2019 and August 2021. The study was hosted by the department. Participants in the research ranged in age from 18 to 70 years old and might either have symptoms or not. Symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals were both included. 46 individuals had samples of their blood and faeces obtained and analysed for H. pylori infection using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent test (ELISA), Ig M serology, and HpSAg, respectively. The results showed that all of the patients were infected with H. pylori.Results: Out of forty-six samples, controls had more reliable serology results compared to the subjects, with 42 (91.3%), as opposed to 31, which had 67.4%, and this difference was significantly significant (p=0.001). The faces antigen test for H. pylori (HpSAg) was more reliable in the controls (36 out of 78.3%) than it was in the subjects (31 out of 67.4%), with only one instance (2.2%) of an unclear result in the two groups. In any event, this did not constitute a statistically significant finding (p = 0.48).

Variation of root canal anatomy is always a challenge for accurate diagnosis and successful endodontic therapy. A thorough knowledge of most common anatomic characteristics and their possible variations is essential for the clinician. The hard tissue repository of the human dental pulp takes on numerous configurations and shapes. These aberrations occur so often that they can be considered as normal anatomy. Radix Entomolaris (RE) is one such aberration where an extra root is present on the distolingual aspect of mandibular first molar (molar with 3 roots). This article presents two case reports of mandibular first molars with extra roots which was successfully treated.