Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a major global public health problem with an increasing prevalence. DM increases the risk of infections caused by bacteria, fungi, viruses, and parasites. We examined the prevalence, subtypes, and risk factors of Blastocystis infection in patients with and without DM in central Thailand. Stool samples and questionnaires were obtained from 130 people in the DM group and 100 people in the non-DM group. Blastocystis infection was identified via a nested polymerase chain reaction and subtyped via sequencing of the partial small-subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA) gene. Analysis of potential risk factors was conducted via binary logistic regression. The overall prevalence of Blastocystis infection was 10.8%, including rates of 9% and 12.3% in the non-DM and DM groups, respectively. The most prevalent subtype was ST3, followed by ST1, and ST4. Factors that potentially increased the risk of Blastocystis infection include patients being >65 years old, the presence of DM, a DM duration of ≥10 years, a low level of education, and animal ownership. In conclusion, this is the first study of Blastocystis infection in DM, and a high prevalence was found among this population. Therefore, health education promoting sanitation and hygiene is necessary to reduce and prevent infection in the community.

Urinary incontinence is caused by loss of bladder control and involuntary leakage of urine. It can have a health problem such as physical, psychological, social interaction and significant impact on the quality of life. This case was designed to study the nursing care outcomes for older women with urinary incontinence and chronic illness (hypertension, dyslipidemia, spinal stenosis L3-4, and chronic kidney disease stage 4) who living in a community located in Bangkok by approach Donabedian conceptual framework including structure, process, and outcomes of quality of care. There were 4 outcomes as managing urinary incontinence, self-care pressure ulcers, rehabilitation, and helping with early depression symptoms. Four times for home visits within 3 months for nursing care were composed of Foley's catheter care with bladder training, pelvic muscle exercise, dressing wound from incontinenceassociated dermatitis, arm-shoulder exercises following the manual of self-care, and finally adjust the home environment to install the fixed pulley. Results presented the older women could be to improve symptom: no leakage of urine, dermatitis and pressure ulcer decreased, improve shoulder mobility and walking. Suggestions should be provided systems for home visiting to assess and monitors for self-care continuously.