Background: Global cancer statistics defines the severity of disease even after significant research worldwide. Problem: Failure of the currently available treatment approaches including surgery, radiation therapy and traditional chemotherapy. Aim: The aim of this review is to discuss the role of phytochemical based nano-formulations for treatment of cancer. Discussion: In the past few decades, phytochemicals have gained popularity for acting as a potential anticancer treatment with low systemic toxicity, especially in terms of cell cycle control and cancer cell killing. Natural resources, with their immense structural variety, serve as a vital source of fresh, therapeutically useful new chemical entities for the treatment of cancer. Vinca alkaloids (VCR), vinblastine, vindesine, vinorelbine, taxanes (PTX), podophyllotoxin and its derivatives (etoposide (ETP), teniposide, camptothecin (CPT) and its derivatives (topotecan, irinotecan), anthracyclines (doxorubicin, daunorubicin, epirubicin, idarubicin, as natural products or their derivatives account for half of all anti-cancer drugs approved worldwide, and they have been developed utilising the knowledge learned from the natural small molecules or macromolecules. Trabectedin, an epothilone derivative, ixabepilone, and temsirolimus, three new anti-cancer medications launched in 2007 were derived from microbial origins. Current therapy regimens require selective drug targeting to enhance efficacy against cancer cells while normal cells remain unharmed. Modified medications and systems for drug delivery based on nanotechnology are in the process of being explored and launched in the industry for enhanced therapy and management of cancer, along with promising outcomes. Many obstacles related to cancer cell drug delivery can be overcome by using nano-particulate drug carriers, including enhancing the stability and solubility of the drug, prolonging half-lives of the drug in the blood, decreasing side effects to undesired organs, and increasing medication concentration at the desired site. The scientific initiatives and studies concerning the use of nanotechnology for some selective compounds derived from plants are discussed in this review article. Conclusion: The present review highlights the phytochemical-based nanoformulations and its strategies in the development of novel systems of drug delivery such as nano-liposomes, functionalized nanoparticles (NPs), and polymer nano-conjugates, SNEDDS (Self nano emulsifying drug delivery system) as this review paper depicts, as well as their rewards over conventional systems of drug delivery, as evidenced by improved biological activity depicted in their in vitro and in vivo anticancer assays.

Topical eye drop is the convenient and patient compliant route of drug administration, particularly for the treatment of anterior part diseases. Transport of drugs to the targeted ocular tissues is limited by various precorneal, active and stationary ocular barriers. The aim of developed, optimized and evaluated ion sensitive brimonidine tartrate in situ gel is patient compliance and maximum therapeutic activity in   the treatment of glaucoma. The effect of independent variables that are polymer concentration on dependent variables like the percent drug release, gelling time and viscosity was studied. The optimized formulation was further evaluated for ex-vivo study and histopathology study. Experimental study showed that optimized in situ gel formulation (F6) showed in vitro, ex vivo sustained release with polymer sodium alginate and hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) K4M. The optimized formulation F6 presented increased retention time upto 8 hours. The developed in situ gel can be a promising ophthalmic formulation to increase retention time of formulation and hence it will reduce the intra ocular pressure. The histopathology studies reveals the safety of prepared formulation. The stability studies revealed no significant change in the drug content and physical properties.

A Teacher is a person who teaches in school rather than, especially helps others to shows knowledge, competence and value, playing a role of half mother and father. Concept mapping instructional approach as an activator of students' performance in the teaching and learning of excretion was investigated. The quasi experimental design was employed. Purposive sampling technique was used to select three intact biology classes of Senior High School 2 students with a total sample size of 108. The two main instruments used for data collection were General Knowledge in Biology Performance Test (GKBPT) and Students' Performance Test in Excretion (SPTE) with K-R 20 reliability coefficient of 0.812 and 0.866 respectively. Point Bi-serial Correlation, Wilcoxon Signed Rank test, effect size, chi-square and Kruskal-Wallis H test were employed to analyse the quantitative data collected using the students' achievement scores. The study showed that the effect size of the students' performance in the concept mapping of the post-test scores was better than that of the pre-test scores. The instructional approach did not only improve students' achievement in the biology course but also helped the students to retain the concept learned for longer period. Based on the result, recommendations have been made.

A biosensor provides a strategy for the detection of microbiological signals through various chemical, biological and physical technology and is an analytical, high-sensitivity rapid tool in pharmaceutical and health care applications. For the detection of biomolecules and micro-organisms, they use biological sensing elements. The use of these devices is becoming increasingly important in the fields of drug discovery, food protection, defence, pharmaceuticals and safety. With the advance of biological techniques and instrumentation involving fluorescent tags, sensitive limits for biosensors are increased. Peptide array, nucleotides, molecules printed polymers, or aptamers have also been developed to create innovative biosensors. More precise and adaptive bio-sensors with high regenerative potential have been developed by other approaches. Nanomaterial, polymers, aptamers are produced with a wide variety of biosensors. It is vital to design biosensors using different approaches to further explore their useful applications. In light of this, this analysis will give an overview of several biomedical and environmental sensors, including fluorescence labelling, Nanomaterials, electrochemical, silicon and quartz, as well as possible prospects for biosensor technology. In addition, this analysis is designed for the analysis. The work of biosensors, concepts, shapes and applications is discussed as further useful information in this study.

The present study describes the dissolution method development and validation of Ramipril and Hydrochlorothiazide in tablet dosage form by HPLC Method. A simple, rapid, selective, reproducible and isocratic reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatographic (RP-HPLC) method has been developed and validated as per ICH guidelines. Analysis was performed on a Thermo, Sunniest C8 (150 mm x 4.6 mm, 5 µm) with the mobile phase consisting of mixing 500 mL of buffer solution and 500 mL of acetonitrile at a flow rate of 1.0mL/min. UV detection was performed at 210nm and the Run time for Ramipril and Hydrochlorothiazide were 10 minutes. The calibration curve was linear (correlation coefficient = 1.000) in the selected range for both analytes. The optimized dissolution conditions include the USP Type 1 (Basket) rotation rate of 100 rpm and 750 mL of 0.1 N Hydrochloric acid as dissolution medium, at 37.0 ± 0.5°C. The method was validated for precision, linearity, specificity, accuracy, limit of quantitation and ruggedness. The system suitability parameters, such as theoretical plate, tailing factor and relative standard deviation (RSD) between six standard replicates were well within the limits. The stability result shows that the drug is stable in the prescribed dissolution medium.