* BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: To determine the effectiveness of laser grid pattern photocoagulation to the macula but not the papillomacular bundle for the treatment of diffuse diabetic macular edema. * PATIENTS AND METHODS: Thirty-five eyes of 23 patients with diffuse diabetic macular edema underwent laser grid photocoagulation excluding the papillomacular bundle area. Best-corrected visual acuity by Snellen chart, foveal thickness using a retinal mapping program by optical coherence tomography (OCT), and mean deviation sensitivity by Humphrey automated central perimetry were investigated before and 1, 3, and 6 months after the treatment. * RESULTS: Six months after treatment, the visual acuity was improved by 2 or more lines in 16 eyes (43%) and the foveal thickness decreased in 32 eyes (91%). The mean deviation worsened in 34 eyes (97%). There was a significant correlation between the improvement of visual acuity and the initial mean deviation, suggesting that a better visual acuity would be expected with a preoperative mean deviation of approximately -20 dB. * CONCLUSION: Grid pattern photocoagulation without treatment to the papillomacular bundle area was effective in treating diffuse diabetic macular edema, especially in eyes with an initial mean deviation showing moderate dysfunction. [Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging 2004;35:270-280.]

This study examined the causal links among job involvement (JI), career commitment (CC), affective commitment to the organization (ACO), and continuance commitment to the organization (CCO) under Japanese management practices. It was hypothesized that, JI influences CC, ACO and CCO directly, and influences ACO and CCO indirectly through CC. Survey data of 1470 male college-graduate white-colors were analyzed and results of path analysis (AMOS 4.0) showed a good fit with the model. As predicted, a positive relationship between CC and CCO was found for employees who had worked continuously for a large organization after graduation, but not for those who had turnover experiences. Theoretical and practical implications were discussed.

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between multiple role involvement and psychological well-being. Multiple roles were hypothesized to enhance people's well-being through a buffering effect and through resource appropriation, but were also hypothesized to decrease well-being through resource depletion. This study also examined self-complexity since previous work suggested that cognitive relatedness among roles would have a stronger impact on psychological well-being than mere number of roles. Survey data from 272 college students were used, and the results of multiple regression analysis suggested that having more independent roles activates resource utilization across different roles, which enhances psychological well-being.

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