Background: Musculoskeletal disorders are defined as complaints or disorders that cause discomfort to the musculoskeletal system. During lecture activities, students are mostly in a static posture. Static and repetitive muscle loading when sitting for a long period can cause muscle fatigue due to the accumulation of lactic acid. Besides, it produces discomfort or pain in the musculoskeletal system. The purpose of the research is to describe an overview of musculoskeletal disorders in undergraduate students of the Bachelor and Professional Program of Physical Therapy Faculty of Medicine Udayana University during the lecture. Methods: The method of this research is descriptive-analytic with a cross-sectional, which has been carried out from October to November 2021. This research used a total sampling technique. The participants were undergraduate students of the Bachelor and Professional of Physical Therapy Program, College of Medicine, Universitas Udayana, with a total of 196 participants who met the established criteria. Researchers measured musculoskeletal disorders using a Nordic Body Map (NBM) questionnaire. Analysis of research data using univariate analysis, namely age, gender, body mass index, study period, duration of the study, and musculoskeletal disorders. Results: The results showed that musculoskeletal disorders were mostly complained of by students, namely the waist 61.7%, then the back 59%, followed by complaints in the lower neck 53.6% and upper neck 47.4% while the lowest complaints occurred in the left leg with a percentage of 5.6%. Conclusion: A total of 177 (90.3%) students had musculoskeletal disorders during lectures and 19 (9.7%) did not experience musculoskeletal disorders during lectures, and 94.4% had a low risk of musculoskeletal disorders. The risk of low musculoskeletal disorders can be interpreted as not requiring improvement.

Background: Osteoarthritis is a common disease that has become one of the main causes of disability and is ranked fourth as a contributing factor of disability. In Indonesia, many healthcare professionals, including physiotherapists, treat patients with various stages of osteoarthritis. Physiotherapists have a crucial role in improving the functional ability of patients with knee osteoarthritis. However, many of them do not use appropriate outcome measures to document patients' improvements.Objective: This literature review aimed to summarize the available outcome measures that can be used to measure the functional ability of patients with knee osteoarthritis, in order to increase the awareness and knowledge of healthcare professionals, particularly physiotherapists, regarding the use of available outcome measures. Methods: The method used was literature review. Literature search was conducted in PubMed and Google Scholar databases using the main keywords:

Introduction: Pusher syndrome is a disorder that is clinically present in 5-52% of stroke patients, characterized by active pushing using the non-paretic side towards the paretic side, and resistance to the passive correction of posture. This disorder can pose an unfavorable effect on the rehabilitation of stroke patients. Hence, finding effective therapeutic approaches for pusher syndrome is crucial. This study aimed to identify the existing therapeutic approaches for pusher syndrome and investigate their effectiveness. Methods: A literature review was carried out, where studies were identified through searching the PubMed database from database inception to 2019 using the keywords: "pusher syndrome", "pusher behaviour", "contraversive pushing", "ipsilateral pushing", "lateropulsion", "physiotherapy", "physical therapy", "treatment", "therapeutic approach", "therapy" and "training". The literatures were analyzed systematically based on the results of previous studies. Results: Several approaches were identified for treating pusher syndrome post-stroke, including robot-assisted gait training (RAGT), galvanic vestibular stimulation (GVS), visual feedback (VF), and physiotherapy with additional components such as relaxation therapy in the prone position and lateral stepping with body weight-supported treadmill training (LS-BWSTT). RAGT and VF training appear to be promising adjunctive approaches for treating pusher syndrome. Conventional physiotherapy with additional components such as relaxation therapy and LS-BWSTT have also led to positive effects. However, the effect of GVS has not been established. Conclusion: There is evidence that some therapeutic approaches can be beneficial for improving pusher syndrome and outcomes of stroke patients, in particular when combined with conventional physiotherapy. However, the number of studies is still very limited. Further research with methodological rigor is needed.

ABSTRACT   Myofascial pain syndrome is commonly felt by drivers who perform activities in a static and repetitive manner for long durations. Myofascial pain syndrome is caused by a change in cervical posture, leading to excessive burden and tightness in the upper trapezius muscle. Complaints are described as pain due to the suppression of nociceptor nerve fibers in the neck and shoulder area. The objective of this study was to determine the relationship between driving duration and the incidence of myofascial pain syndrome in the upper trapezius muscle in microbus drivers at Ubung Terminal, specifically drivers majoring the Singaraja-Denpasar/Denpasar-Singaraja route. The sampling technique used in this study was consecutive sampling. This study used an observational method with a cross-sectional design. Data were collected from 64 microbus drivers majoring the Singaraja-Denpasar/Denpasar-Singaraja route at Ubung terminal. The results showed a significant relationship between driving duration and myofascial pain syndrome with a correlation of 0.426 and a p-value of 0.000 (p <0.05). It can be concluded that there is a relationship between driving duration and the incidence of myofascial pain syndrome in the upper trapezius muscle in microbus drivers at Ubung Terminal. In the future, follow-up research can be conducted to see the long-term effects of changes in posture and driving duration, and the sample size can be increased by taking the entire population of terminals in Bali.   Keywords: Myofascial pain syndrome, driving duration, visual analogue scale

Berat badan berlebih merupakan kondisi yang dapat dialami oleh seluruh kalangan usia, termasuk usia anak sekolah 6-12 tahun. Bertambahnya berat badan akan meningkatkan tekanan pada telapak kaki sehingga menjadi datar atau disebut flat foot dan dapat menimbulkan dampak berkepanjangan bagi anak-anak. Metode: Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan cross sectional bersifat analitik yang dilakukan secara door-to-door di wilayah Denpasar Utara. Jumlah sampel penelitian yaitu 43 siswa dari total populasi sebanyak 44 siswa dikarenakan 1 siswa drop out. Variabel independen yang diukur yaitu IMT, sedangkan variabel dependen yaitu arkus kaki yang diukur dengan arch index. Variabel yang dikontrol dalam penelitian ini yaitu tingkatan kelas, serta variabel yang dapat mempengaruhi penelitian ini yaitu usia, jenis kelamin, penggunaan alas kaki yang diukur menggunakan kuisioner penggunaan alas kaki dalam 7 hari terakhir, serta aktivitas fisik yang diukur menggunakan kuisioner The Physical Activity Questionnaire for Older Children (PAQ-C). Hasil: Teknik analisis data yang digunakan yaitu uji hipotesis spearman's rho. Diperoleh nilai p sebesar 0,1 (p>0,05) dan didapatkan prevalensi paling tinggi pada IMT normal dan arkus kaki low arch yaitu masing-masing sebesar 24 orang (56%) dan 22 orang (51%). Simpulan: Dapat disimpulkan bahwa tidak terdapat korelasi antara IMT dengan arkus kaki pada siswa kelas 4-6 SD di SDN 18 Dangin Puri Denpasar Utara. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian tersebut, peneliti memprediksi penelitian ini dipengaruhi oleh situasi dan kondisi ketika penelitian akibat pandemi COVID-19.Kata Kunci: kaki datar, arkus kaki, indeks massa tubuh, siswa sekolah dasar PENDAHULUANBerat badan berlebih (kegemukan dan obesitas) merupakan kondisi yang dapat dialami oleh seluruh kalangan usia, termasuk usia anak sekolah 6-12 tahun yang ditentukan berdasarkan kategori indeks massa tubuh (IMT). Berat badan berlebih yang terdiri dari kegemukan dan obesitas merupakan penumpukan lemak dalam tubuh yang terjadi akibat asupan makanan yang lebih tinggi daripada aktivitas fisik yang dikeluarkan. 1-3 Kegemukan dan obesitas bukan hanya tentang penumpukan lemak, tetapi juga distribusi lemak menyeluruh dalam tubuh yang menyebabkan meningkatnya distribusi pembebanan ke kaki, dari tungkai atas, tungkai bawah melalui sendi lutut diteruskan ke pergelangan kaki dan terakhir ke telapak kaki bagian tengah (midfoot). 4,5 Kaki merupakan bagian tubuh dengan struktur yang kuat dan kompleks tersusun atas berbagai tulang yang terhubung dengan berbagai sendi, ligamen, dan otot. Pada kaki terdapat tiga bagian, kaki bagian depan (forefoot), kaki bagian tengah (midfoot), dan kaki bagian belakang (hindfoot), dimana terdapat lengkungan pada midfoot yang berfungsi sebagai peredam getaran, serta sebagai penopang tubuh saat berdiri dan berjalan. 6 Salah satu jenis arkus kaki, yaitu arkus kaki medial longitudinal atau medial longitudinal arch (MLA) yang membentuk arkus kaki manusia yang berfungsi untuk membagi distribusi berat tubuh menuju tuber calcanei dan kelima caput oss...