The protein and energy requirements of pre-weanling dairy calves were studied through the use of growth and balance trial techniques. Various levels of protein and energy were fed in both purified and semi-purified diets. The nitrogen retention of calves fed diets adequate in protein was 3.22 gm. per 100 gm. of gain in body weight. Energy requirement for maintenance was 44.7 digestible Calories per kg. of body weight per day and 268 digestible Calories were required per 100 gm. of gain in weight. These factors, along with previously determined values for endogenous nitrogen, were used to calculate the practical digestible energy and apparent digestible protein requirements of dairy calves.

Abstract.A dairy goat operation in Minnesota experienced a sudden, markedly increased mortality among its neonatal goats. Approximately 60 of 130 kids (46%) died. The animals had diarrhea and dyspnea of 1-2 days duration before death. Necropsy of 4 goat kids revealed marked, acute, catarrhal enteritis and fibrinous pleuropneumonia. Mannheimia haemolytica was isolated from the lungs. Basophilic inclusion bodies filling the entire nucleus were present in enterocytes of the ileum of 3 goats. Adenoviral particles were detected in the feces by electron microscopy and adenovirus was subsequently isolated from the intestinal content together with a parvo-like virus (dependovirus). Morphology, physicochemical characteristics, and neutralization tests indicated that the adenovirus resembled ovine adenovirus-2 (OAdV-2). However, the PstI restriction endonuclease pattern produced by the goat adenovirus was distinct from that of OAdV-2. This is the first report of enteritis in goats with an adenovirus antigenically related to OAdV-2 and with a parvo-like dependovirus.Four goat kids from a caprine dairy farm were submitted to the Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, for necropsy in March 2001. The farm had 850 milking does (Nubians, LaMancha, and Bohr crosses), but the approximately 100 preparturient does and kids were kept physically separate from the milking herd. Bred does on this farm are routinely transferred to a second farm until parturition. The 4 kids had acute watery, yellow diarrhea, and all died within 4-5 hours after onset of diarrhea. Approximately 130 goat kids were born on the premises. Sixty of these kids died with similar clinical signs over a 2.5-month period during the kidding season from January to April, 2001. Only suckling bottle-fed kids were affected, with an age range of 10-40 days and an average age of 27 days. There was no sex or breed predilection. All kids were routinely separated at birth from the dam and housed initially in groups of 3-4 animals. At 30 days of age, the pens were commingled into larger groups of up to 20 kids per pen for weaning. Young stock were fed heat-pasteurized goat colostrum for 2 days, followed by cow's milk fed free choice in LamBar-type feeding units until weaning.A postmortem examination was performed on 4 kids. For histology, samples of small and large intestines, lungs, liver, kidney, spleen, brain, and heart were collected. Sections cut at 4 m were stained with he-

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F or the purpose of this FARAD Digest, small ruminants are considered to include sheep, goats, deer, and camelids. In the United States, the small ruminant population is low, and they are all considered minor species under the Food, Drug, and Cosmetics Act (Table 1). Minor species are defined by exclusion from major species (ie, cats, dogs, horses, swine, cattle, chickens, and turkeys). In the United States, sheep were only considered to be minor species in regard to efficacy and target animal safety requirements and remained a major species when human food safety was being evaluated. This exception was attributed to the high consumption of lamb and mutton at the time of the original classification in 1983. It was not until August 2002 4 that the sheep drug approval process was amended so that sheep were reclassified as a minor species with regard to human food safety requirements. Classification as a minor species allows the FDA flexibility in permitting new drug applications when FARAD Digest