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Most media literacy programs fail to take into account the dramatic nature of digitalization, focusing on analog-native media such as the newspaper or digital-native media such as computers and overlooking the process through which these forms are blending and converging. Those trends and ideas includenew digital aesthetics and new social effects caused by digitalization, both of which need to be taken into account in media literacy programs. The aesthetics of digitalization include prepurposing and repurposing content, virtual experience, sampling, interactivity, and manipulation. The new social effects include nonlinearity and content on demand. Digitalization will not immediately replace analog- and digital-oriented programs but needs to be considered as a part of thorough media literacy education.

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Symbols are linguistic devices in which complex, culturally specific meanings are communicated simply. Nearly all human utterance is in some ways symbolic, and for many who study communication, symbolizing is the most fundamental attribute of being human (Burke ). Peirce defines a symbol as “a sign which refers to the Object that it denotes by virtue of a law, usually an association of general ideas, which operates to cause the Symbol to be interpreted as referring to that Object” (1965, 143). In other words, when cultural conventions define how a → Sign is to be associated with an idea or object, then that sign is a symbol. Generally, the connection between signifier and signified in a symbol is arbitrary, necessitating a cultural context for understanding. Because nearly every image has symbolic aspects, symbols are especially important in the visual media (→  Visual Communication ).