The climate-sensitive tourism industry, including Arctic marine tourism, is expected to be significantly impacted by climate change. The multifaceted impacts of climate change at multiple scales warrant a theoretical framework that is able to effectively examine complex and integrated relationships. The complex ties between culture, economy, and environment in the Arctic also mean a systems perspective on tourism-related change and sustainability seems highly appropriate. This article outlines some systems approaches to Arctic marine tourism. Key contributions of a systems framework include reconceptualizing Butler's Tourism Area Life Cycle, providing a framework for describing and understanding the tourism–climate change system, including identifying change influences and dynamics at varied spatial and temporal scales, and informing sustainability planning and assessment.

Citation: Bhattacharyya, J., and S. Slocombe. 2017. Animal agency: wildlife management from a kincentric perspective.Ecosphere 8(10):e01978. 10. 1002/ecs2.1978 Abstract. Co-management of wildlife and landscapes often requires managers to work with Indigenous and conventional Western worldviews. Many cultures recognize animals as non-human persons with decision-making agency. Such perspectives, termed "kincentric ecology," suggest a relational approach to management that differs from convention in North America. We argue that kincentric perspectives are highly relevant to current approaches and issues in wildlife management, including the incorporation of Indigenous Knowledge. Using empirical research with the Xeni Gwet'in First Nation in British Columbia, Canada, we discuss four dimensions of kincentricity key to collaborative management, with notable parallels in emergent systems science: (1) shift in emphasis from human rights to responsibilities; (2) focus on social-ecological systems; (3) acknowledgment of uncertainty and rapid change; and (4) emphasis on locally relevant, empirical knowledge. Wildlife and land management influenced by bioculturally diverse knowledge implies a more systemic approach; adaptive processes; changed goals and values; and shifting responsibilities among stakeholders.

It has been postulated that the emergence of adaptive co-management can be driven by crises that transform social-ecological systems with low resilience. We compared two concurrent case studies of grizzly bearhuman conflicts in northern Canada to assess whether such crises could effect such transformations in bear-human systems. We conclude that they can, evaluate the outcomes, and identify conditions that may explain these observations. For remote communities, horizontal and vertical institutional connections are important for facilitating learning and the integration of information in wildlife management, yet they can be difficult to establish. Events in Baker Lake, Nunavut, showed that without such connections local peoples' substantial ecological knowledge may not be integrated effectively into decision processes. In the Inuvialuit Settlement Region the quota system for grizzly bear harvests has been able to successfully incorporate both scientific and traditional ecological knowledge, largely because of its cross-scale institutional network. The leadership provided by individual champions was also an important determinant of both case studies' outcomes.

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