Collaborative inhibition, the poorer memory performance of collaborative groups as compared with nominal (noninteracting) groups was measured in the free recall of categorized lists. In Experiment 1, collaborative inhibition was present in four-person groups, but not in pairs of two-person groups, where each was compared with performance in four-person nominal groups. However, on a ®nal individual free recall test, members of two-and fourperson collaborative groups recalled a higher proportion of the list than members of nominal groups. In Experiment 2, recall in three-person collaborative groups was less than in threeperson nominal groups but only on the ®rst of three successive study-test trials. On the ®nal individual free recall test, members of collaborative groups recalled more words than members of nominal groups. Despite inhibiting recall and reminiscence, collaboration bene®ts remembering when collaborators are subsequently tested individually.Collaborative remembering refers to the eorts of two or more individuals working together to produce a common record of their recollections. Although active interest in the memorial consequences of collaboration is fairly recent (e.g. Weldon and Bellinger, 1997;Basden et al., 1997), social psychologists have long been interested in the de®cits associated with collaboration. Their research has focused on the eect of brainstorming on problem solving. The in¯uence of collaboration is determined by comparing the performance of collaborative groups with that of nominal groups. Performance of nominal groups is determined by pooling the output of the same number of people working individually at the same task. In general, nominal groups provide a greater number of unique problem solutions than do collaborative groups (see Clark and Stephenson, 1989, for a review).In like fashion, recent studies of collaborative memory have compared the performance of nominal and collaborative groups. Weldon and Bellinger (1997) found non-redundant recall (the memory equivalent of unique ideas) to be greater for nominal than for collaborative groups and to be greater for collaborative groups than for individuals. The latter result had been expected from prior research on group remembering (e.g. Vollrath et al., 1989). Weldon and Bellinger referred to lower collaborative than nominal group recall as collaborative inhibition.

<p>Commonly, the parts of the glacier bed that are hydraulically connected to the surface experience significant diurnal variations in water pressure, in response to cycles of surface melting. Closely spaced points on the bed often exhibit nearly identical temporal variations in water pressure, suggesting that they are connected not only to the surface but to each other through conduits along the bed. This behaviour is typically observed directly through instrumented boreholes drilled to the glacier bed. A ‘switching event’ occurs when one of a pair of boreholes abruptly changes from being connected, in the sense of exhibiting the same diurnal oscillations as the other borehole, to being disconnected, or vice versa. A switching event is indicative of a connection through a subglacial conduit being closed, or opened, and therefore provides a limited but highly specific window into the evolution of subglacial conduits and permeability.</p> <p>However, in most subglacial drainage models, conduits are not represented individually but averaged over a small area of the bed to produce a macroporous continuum representation as a ‘water sheet’, quantified by a mean conduit depth h. The most common assumption is that the water sheet consists of linked cavities and that these open due to basal sliding over bed roughness, and close due to viscous creep (e.g. Hewitt, 2011). Within that framework, the simplest mechanism for a switching event is that a connection is established or closed when the sheet thickness h passes through some percolation threshold h<sub>c</sub> (Rada and Schoof, 2018).</p> <p>We want to test whether the observed switching events can be explained by that mechanism, which in turn implies that two conditions must be met: water sheet depth indeed evolves according to a competition between opening due to basal sliding and creep closure, and that a simple threshold in h suffices to capture the geometric complexity involved in creating or closing connections at the bed.</p> <p>In a large dataset of borehole water-pressure time series, we identify borehole pairs that exhibit strong evidence of switching behaviour. We assume that switching events can be described by the evolution of a water sheet, with connections between boreholes being opened and closed as sheet thickness passes through a threshold value as described above. We use the switching event catalogue we have created to invert for parameters in the sheet evolution model using a binary indicator function for connectedness to compute the model data mismatch in the absence of any other direct measures of sheet thickness.</p> <p>This procedure allows us to capture the majority of observed switching events with plausible parameter values. The exception is a set of short-lived periods of connectedness characterized by switching events that are clustered in space and time. In a complementary study (Racz et al, 2023 <em>in prep.</em>), we, therefore, investigate if this class of switching events can instead be explained by an alternative mechanism in which the sudden resumption of surface water supply, following a period of snow cover, drives the propagation of a hydrofracture (e.g. Tsai and Rice 2010, 2012).</p>

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Summary Research and field support roles In the oil field service industry have become Increasingly complex in the last 15 years. Experimental apparatus are more and more dependent on the data acquisition and processing capabilities of computers as the amount of data generated increases. The need to network these computers for data transport has, therefore, significantly increased. The type of network system selected depends on the goals that are to be achieved by the installation of such a system. Incorporation of existing equipment, communication between systems of different architecture, and future expandability are but a few of the necessary attributes. With these in mind, a computer network system was designed and is currently being Implemented. The system combines local and wide area networks of different protocols to acquire, process, and transport Information on a worldwide basis. The end result is faster development of new products and quicker response in support of field operations. Introduction Computers have become a necessity in the laboratory over the past 15 years. The use of inexpensive personal computers (PCs) has greatly enhanced the ability of the scientist to collect and process data from experimental work. The use of process data from experimental work. The use of networks has more recently come Into being for the PC environment and is now also becoming a PC environment and is now also becoming a necessity for the efficient sharing of data and the transfer of completed reports to their destinations. The following discussion will present the Implementation of a computer network In a research facility dedicated to the support of operations of a major oil field service company, One of the responsibilities of the research facility is to develop products for the servicing of oil and gas wells and for products for the servicing of oil and gas wells and for some Industrial applications. The laboratories also support field operations through field service projects, such as formation sample analysis, projects, such as formation sample analysis, stimulation and completion treatment designs, analytical services, and engineering support. Within this facility, computers of various sizes and architecture have been incorporated over the past 20 years. initially, several minicomputers were past 20 years. initially, several minicomputers were Installed In the laboratories for data acquisition and process control, some of which are still in use. Later, process control, some of which are still in use. Later, with the Introduction of the much less expensive personal computers. a number of testing stations personal computers. a number of testing stations were dedicated to single PCs. These PCs performed simple data acquisition and a limited amount of data processing. As the complexity of the various services offered Increased, so did the laboratory testing necessary to support these services. With this added complexity, the amount of data that needed to be processed vastly Increased. A short time after the implementation of PCs for data acquisition in the laboratory, it became apparent that the use of these same PCs for processing the data was not feasible. The need for a network to transfer the collected data to computers of greater processing speed and storage was evident. This would allow the laboratory PCs to return to their primary function while the data from the previous test was being processed.

A review of Seattle Shakespeare Company's 2018 all-female production of Timon of Athens.