Stigmatization is a process by which certain individuals are devalued and alienated from specific types of social interactions, because they are perceived to possess a negatively valenced characteristic (e.g., age, gender, and medical condition). Due to its diverse and context-driven nature, stigmatization potentially affects a large percentage of the population. Consequently, many individuals are likely victimized by stigmatization processes in a particular situation and subsequently may be deprived of the organizational opportunities available to nonstigmatized individuals. The purpose of this paper is to review and organize the literature by drawing on a suggested typology of stigmas found in organizations. We ground this novel typology in both the stigmatization and management literatures, incorporating the dimensions of controllability and visibility of stigmatizing attributes as well as whether or not the attribute is protected under federal law. Because all stigmatizing characteristics are not equally deleterious, we present 8 separate groups of stigmas and the differential effects that each have on stigmatized individuals' opportunities within organizations (i.e., access and treatment discrimination). Further, we outline mechanisms (i.e., imputed characteristics) that underlie the differential treatment afforded those who are stigmatized. We then provide a research roadmap to better understand the role stigmas play in organizations moving forward.

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A b s t r A c tOne of the main and most challenging tasks of managers is to judge their own actions and, even more, the actions of others. There are different biases that might affect the accuracy of their ethical judgment. Two of the most common biases studied are the group affiliation bias and the want/should conflict. In the present study, by empirical means, we analyzed these biases in the ethical judgment of managers. Examining answers of 153 effective respondents, we found significant differences in some of the four categories of ethical decision making studied, especially in the use of working time, money management and the use of corporate assets. We also explored some demographic characteristics of the managers, finding gender and level of study as the most relevant ones which play an important role on how they assess their own past and future behavior and the behavior of others. Although, we obtained somehow mixed results, they show that there seems to be a tendency within managers, to judge harder moral behavior of others compared to the judgment of their own ethical behavior. Furthermore, managers judge others, contrary to expected, harder if they know them than if they do not. KeywordsEthics; ethical judgment; moral biases; managers. Explorando Algunos Sesgos en el Juicio Ético de los Directivos: Un Estudio Empírico r e s u m e nUna de las principales y más exigentes obligaciones de un directivo es juzgar sus propias acciones y, aún más, las acciones de los demás. Hay diferentes sesgos que pueden afectar la precisión del juicio ético. Dos de los sesgos más comúnmente estudiados son el sesgo por afiliación a grupos y el dilema del conflicto entre el deber y el querer. En esta investigación, se analizan estos sesgos en el juicio ético de los directivos, por medio de un estudio empírico. Examinando respuestas de 153 encuestados, encontramos diferencias significativas en algunas de las cuatro categorías estudiadas de toma de decisiones éticas, específicamente, en el uso del tiempo laboral, manejo del dinero y el uso de activos corporativos. Igualmente, se exploraron algunas características demográficas de los directivos, encontrando que el género y el nivel educativo de los directivos, son las variables más explicativas de cómo éstos juzgan su propio pasado, su futuro y el comportamiento de los demás. A pesar de haber encontrado resultados variados, parece haber una tendencia general en los directivos a juzgar más duramente los actos de los demás que los suyos propios. Además, se encontró que, contrario a lo esperado, los directivos juzgan más duramente a las personas que conocen que a las que no conocen. PAlAbrAs c l Av eÉtica; juicio ético; sesgos morales; directivos.