Aim: The aim of the study was 1) to report the case of a 15-year-old boy who developed kleptomania symptoms during methylphenidate treatment and 2) to review the available therapeutic options for kleptomania based on a literature search of Medline and Google Scholar databases (2000–2018). Case report: For the past seven years a 15-year-old boy had participated in counselling at a psychological counselling centre because of school problems and upbringing difficulties, and had a five-year history of psychiatric treatment for ADHD. He was admitted to the Department of Psychiatry because of recurrent stealing episodes that occurred during methylphenidate treatment. During the hospitalization, the patient did not observe the therapeutic contract – he stole items from other patients. Pharmacotheraputic and psychotherapeutic treatment resulted in a partial improvement in impulsive behaviour. At discharge, he spoke critically of his previous conduct and expressed readiness to continue treatment in an outpatient setting. Conclusions: Kleptomania has a very negative impact on a patient's overall well-being. In the reported case, kleptomania developed during methylphenidate treatment. Kleptomania should always be taken into account as a possible cause of stealing during a psychiatric examination, to avoid stigmatization of patients as criminals. Pharmacotherapy and cognitive-behavioural psychotherapy focused on the development of strategies, which can help the patient to control the urge to steal, are important components of kleptomania treatment.
WstępW literaturze można znaleźć opisy przypadków wskazujące na fałszywie dodatnie wyniki powszechnie wykonywanych testów na obecność substancji psychoaktywnych u osób przyjmujących zalecone przez lekarza leki psychotropowe. Wiarygodność przeprowadzanych testów ma ogromne znaczenie dla badanej osoby, biorąc pod uwagę zarówno aspekty kliniczne, jak i możliwe skutki prawne. Celem pracy był przegląd literatury dotyczącej fałszywie dodatnich wyników testów narkotykowych u pacjentów przyjmujących leki psychotropowe.Materiał i metodyDokonano przeglądu narracyjnego dostępnej literatury w języku angielskim i polskim korzystając z baz MEDLINE/PubMed oraz Google Scholar, używając słów kluczy: fałszywie dodatni wynik testu narkotykowego oraz nazw zarejestrowanych leków z grup: przeciwdepresyjnych, przeciwpsychotycznych, stabilizujących nastrój, a także używanych w leczeniu zespołu hiperkinetycznego. Wzięto pod uwagę artykułu typu przeglądowego, opisy przypadków oraz prace oryginalne z lat 1990-2019.WynikiFałszywie dodatnie wyniki testów narkotykowych odnotowano w przypadku wielu leków używanych w psychiatrii: klomipraminy, amitryptyliny, bupropionu, trazodonu, sertraliny, wenlafaksyny, hydroksyzyny, haloperidolu, sulpirydu, pernazyny, lewomepromazyny, arypiprazolu, rysperydonu, amisulprydu, kwetiapiny, lamotryginy, karbamazepiny, metylofenidatu i atomoksetyny. Dla pozostałych leków branych pod uwagę w pracy nie znaleziono takich doniesień.WnioskiPrzy interpretacji testów narkotykowych z moczu należy zachować ostrożność, szczególnie gdy badana osoba wyraźnie zaprzecza zażywaniu substancji psychoaktywnych. W takich sytuacjach należy dokładnie przeanalizować stosowane leki i upewnić się, czy uzyskany wynik nie jest wynikiem fałszywie dodatnim. Skuteczną metodą pozwalającą potwierdzić lub wykluczyć obecność narkotyków w moczu w przypadku niejasnych wyników testów jest chromatografia gazowa. Niestety większość dostępnych w literaturze danych stanowią opisy przypadków, zasadne wydaje się być zatem przeprowadzenie badań na dużej grupie osób przyjmujących leki psychotropowe.
BackgroundX-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD) is an inherited metabolic disease which causes demyelination of the white matter of the brain. The symptoms include mental impairment, progressive paresis, impaired motor coordination, and epileptic seizures. Diagnosis is established mainly by genetic testing. Currently, the recommended treatment is haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT).GoalThe aim of the study was to present the case of a patient suffering from X-ALD, who developed symptoms of bipolar disorder in the initial phase of the disease prior to the onset of characteristic neurological symptoms.Case presentationIn 2015, a 33-year-old patient was admitted to a psychiatric department due to aggressive behaviour he showed towards his wife and other family members. He had been treated for a depressive episode in 2005, and for a manic episode without psychotic symptoms earlier in 2015. During the successive psychiatric hospitalizations, in addition to psychopathological symptoms, the patient had been observed to have neurological symptoms, which included progressive paraparesis and ataxia. In 2018, based on imaging and genetic tests, the patient was diagnosed with X-ALD. The patient's condition gradually deteriorated; with time, he was unable to move on his own. During a hospital stay in 2019, he was transferred to an internal medicine department due to a progressive urinary tract infection, which, however, could not be controlled, and the patient died.ConclusionsX-ALD is a rare metabolic illness. In the early stages of the disease, various psychopathological symptoms, including affective disorders, are observed.Early initiation of adequate treatment increases the chances of extending the patient's life.In the present case, the patient did not die due to the underlying disease, but due to causes typical of bed-bound patients, i.e. complications of progressing infection.
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