El artículo analiza la política exterior de Juan Manuel Santos durante sus dos períodos (2010-2018). Se revisan los factores sistémicos y domésticos que incidieron en su proceso de toma de decisión, encaminado a buscar el apo­yo interno y externo para consolidar el com­plejo proceso de paz (2012-2016). El resultado fue una diplomacia activa para la paz, basada en el acercamiento regional, la diversificación estratégica y la búsqueda de prestigio para po­tenciar a Colombia en el sistema internacional.

In this work, Fe 2 O 3 -Ni, Fe 2 O 3 -Ni-Pd, MgO-Ni, and MgO-Ni-Pd nanoparticles were synthesized, characterized, and used for the degradation of florfenicol (FLO). The main goals were to compare the removal capacity of Fe 2 O 3 -Ni and MgO-Ni nanocatalysts and evaluate the effect of Pd incorporation on Fe 2 O 3 -Ni and MgO-Ni nanoparticles on the degradation of FLO by heterogeneous Fenton(-like) and photo-Fenton(-like) processes. The adsorption and degradation processes of FLO were assessed, determining that the latter process is the principal mechanism for FLO degradation. Through the heterogeneous photo-Fenton process, the antibiotic was 78 and 44% removed using the Fe 2 O 3 -Ni and MgO-Ni nanocatalyst, respectively, improving degradation by 22% when Pd is incorporated into both nanostructures. FLO degradation occurs because of the generation of hydroxyl and superoxide radical and holes in the interface and the Fenton reaction with Fe and Mg present in the nanoparticles. Finally, the main organic intermediates produced during the degradation were identified, allowing the proposal of a degradation pathway. Thus, heterogeneous Fenton(-like) and photo-Fenton(-like) processes using nanoparticles as solid phase catalysts are an excellent alternative to FLO degradation from water, especially considering the easy recovery of the nanoparticles through a simple separation process such as filtration.

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RESUMEN: Se aboga por una noción de objeto que permita examinar la licitud del total de reglas autónomamente dictadas por las partes para disciplinar su relación contractual. Examinadas sintéticamente diversas nociones desarrolladas en derecho comparado, se concibe al objeto como el contenido dispositivo del acuerdo, precisando los límites de este concepto, distinguiéndolo de la causa y poniendo de relieve sus ventajas para un control más amplio y versátil de licitud. Revisadas diversas hipótesis del Código Civil chileno en que la ilicitud del objeto se sustenta en un contenido dispositivo contrario a la ley, el orden público o las buenas costumbres y, entendiendo todos estos como límites generales a la autonomía privada, se construye una noción genérica de objeto ilícito, que va más allá de las hipótesis expresamente reguladas en el Código Civil y que es especialmente funcional tratándose de contratos por adhesión. PALABRAS CLAVE: objeto; contenido; objeto ilícito; orden público; buenas costumbres. ABSTRACT:Advocates for a notion of object that allows to examine the legality of the total of rules that have been autonomously dictated by the parties to rule their contractual relationship. Synthetically examining diverse notions developed in comparative law, the object is conceived as the dispositive content of the agreement, specifying the limits of this concept, distinguishing it from the cause and remarking its advantages for a wider and more versatile legality control. Reviewed various hypotheses of the Chilean Civil Code in which the illegality of the object is based on a content that is contrary to the law, public order or good customs and, understanding all these as general limits to private autonomy, a generic notion of illicit object is built, which goes beyond the hypotheses expressly regulated in the Civil Code and which is especially functional in the case of adhesion contracts.

Information disorders on social media can have a significant impact on citizens’ participation in democratic processes. To better understand the spread of false and inaccurate information online, this research analyzed data from Twitter, Facebook, and Instagram. The data were collected and verified by professional fact-checkers in Chile between October 2019 and October 2021, a period marked by political and health crises. The study found that false information spreads faster and reaches more users than true information on Twitter and Facebook. Instagram, on the other hand, seemed to be less affected by this phenomenon. False information was also more likely to be shared by users with lower reading comprehension skills. True information, on the other hand, tended to be less verbose and generate less interest among audiences. This research provides valuable insights into the characteristics of misinformation and how it spreads online. By recognizing the patterns of how false information diffuses and how users interact with it, we can identify the circumstances in which false and inaccurate messages are prone to becoming widespread. This knowledge can help us to develop strategies to counter the spread of misinformation and protect the integrity of democratic processes.