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This is the introduction to a special issue of Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory focusing on modelling and simulation in archaeology. Archaeology is a discipline based on abductive reasoning, where the premises do not guarantee the conclusions. In other words, hypotheses in archaeology are generated on the basis of an incomplete set of observations, and the discovery or the acquisition of new information can modify the previously developed hypotheses. Abductive reasoning is a useful tool for developing explanations that are adequate to describe an

This chapter examines the territories and regions in the southern area of Central Asia, focusing on the Surkhan Darya Province and Bactria. It analyses the distribution of the pattern of settlement using site, oasis, province, or secondary river valley as the main spatial entities. The chapter shows that the notions of territory and region could be used to help interpret the human ecology and the history of Central Asia, and discusses the relationship between nomad and sedentary populations and the relative importance of ethnic identities.