In Sudanian savannas, frequent fires are required to maintain a mix of trees and grasses. After a century of long conflict over fire utilisation and resource management, arising from colonial scientists reacting against traditional practice, fire has become a management tool used to shape tropical vegetation. Many examples show that fire is allowed and used in protected areas, and more recently, tolerated in West African countrysides. If fires are no longer viewed as ‘evil’ for African landscapes, fire setting remains a problem. Nowadays, fire ecology and the savanna concept focus on fire seasonal temporality, and create a new and more specific category of contested fires, or late‐season fire, referred to in this paper as ‘bad fires’. This specific category generally conceives fire as a biophysical element, which leads to savanna degradation. This paper examines the reality of ‘bad fires’ in the Western Burkina Faso through a space–time analysis to investigate the existence of an annually seasonal pattern of fires created by peasants. Using spatial association (I_Moran) on active fire MODIS products, we are able to demonstrate a deterministic regional pattern occurring over six years (from 2004 to 2009). Results of this study confirm the importance of a close study of fire in its temporal dimension with respect to temporality in burning practices. Conclusions show that the details of timing in fire‐setting are key and also bring us new perspectives to understanding fire collective management at a local scale and new elements for climate modelling at a global scale.

Article de revue (Article scientifique dans une revue à comité de lecture)International audience

According to new ecological theories, many savannas are inherently in disequilibrium and can flip from tree-dominated to grass-dominated landscapes depending upon the disturbance regime. In particular, a shift in a fire regime to a more frequent and intensive one can radically alter the tree-to-grass ratio in a given savanna. Drawing upon the ecological buffering model we argue that savanna persistence requires a relatively stable fire regime. We hypothesize that anthropogenic burning practices perform this function by producing a regular annual spatiotemporal pattern of fire that is linked to vegetation type. We test this hypothesis using a study of two areas, one in Mali and the other Burkina Faso. We use two sources of satellite data to produce an 11-year time series of the spatiotemporal pattern of fires and an example of the annual burned area pattern these fires produce. We combine the analysis of satellite imagery with interviews of rural inhabitants who set fires to understand the logic underlying the patterns of fire. Analysis of a time series of imagery reveals a strikingly regular annual spatiotemporal pattern of burning for both study areas, which cannot be explained by the regional climatic pattern alone. We conclude that the regularity of the annual fire regime in West Africa is a human-ecological phenomenon closely linked to vegetation type and controlled by people's burning practices. We argue that the anthropogenic burning regime serves to buffer the savanna and maintain its ecological stability.

International audienceThe aim of this paper is to implement a simple model for exploring the influence of different multi-scale incentive networks affecting farmer decision on landscape changes. Three scales of networks are considered: a global ‘policy’ network promoting specific land uses, an intermediate ‘social’ network where land use practices are shared and promoted collectively and a local ‘neighborhood’ network where land use practices are influenced by those of their neighbors. We assess the respective and combined influence of these networks on landscape pattern (fragmentation and heterogeneity) and dynamics, taking into account agronomic constraints (assimilated to crop successions). Simulations show that combination of incentive networks does not have linear and/or cumulative influence on landscape changes. Comparison of simulated scenarios highlights that a combination of two networks tends to improve landscape heterogeneity and fragmentation; scenarios combining all networks could lead to two opposite landscape configuration illustrating emergence of landscape dynamics. Finally, this study emphasizes that landscape complexity has also to be understood through the multiplicity of pathways of landscape changes rather than the assessment of the resulting landscape patterns

International audience

Hydrosedimentary fluxes that run from agricultural plots down to the water streams are currently associated with many social, economic and environmental issues such as diffuse pollution, soil infertility, soil loss, floods, etc. While the genesis of these transfers are well-known at the scale of the agricultural plot, flow dynamics occurring on slopes remain poorly understood. This is especially the case in the small basins located in the north-western part of France, where the landscape mosaic, which includes linear networks (hedges, roads, ditches...), tends to complicate the processes. Analyzing the transfer conditions is important for a further integrated watershed management. Hence, in this paper, we propose to use a multi-agent system as a support decision tool to understand the role of anthropogenic linear networks on runoff pathways. We carried out a so-called bottom-up approach, to measure the effects of the local interactions between each linear element on the global hydrological behavior of the watershed. A first spatial analysis index, characterizing the impact of linear networks in the path of runoff, is constructed here from numerical simulations. The results of this study also tend to demonstrate the relevance of Multi-Agent Systems as diagnostic tools to the hydrosedimentary transfers and processes.

De nombreux enjeux socio-économiques et environnementaux sont associés aux transferts hydro-sédimentaires qui s’organisent au sein des hydrosystèmes, depuis les parcelles agricoles jusqu’aux cours d’eau : pollution diffuse, diminution de la fertilité des sols, pertes en sol, crues turbides, etc. Si les conditions d’initiation de ces transferts sont bien connues à l’échelle de la parcelle agricole, les dynamiques d’écoulements qui se produisent sur les versants restent mal connues, et ce particulièrement dans les petits hydrosystèmes bocagers du nord-ouest de la France, où la mosaïque paysagère et notamment la présence plus ou moins importante de réseaux linéaires (haies, routes, fossés…) tend à complexifier leur dynamique spatiale. Connaître les conditions de transfert est pourtant nécessaire en vue d’une gestion intégrée des bassins versants. Aussi, cette étude propose d’utiliser la simulation multi-agents comme outils d’aide à la décision pour mieux appréhender le rôle des réseaux linéaires d’origines anthropiques sur le parcours des écoulements de surface. L’approche menée, dite ascendante, permet d’analyser l’importance des interactions locales qui ont lieu entre chaque entité linéaire pour mieux comprendre le comportement hydrologique global d’un bassin versant. Un premier indice d'analyse spatiale, caractérisant l’impact des réseaux linéaires sur le parcours des écoulements de surface, est proposé ici à partir des simulations numériques. Cet article ouvre également une discussion méthodologique en analysant la pertinence des systèmes multi-agents en tant qu’outils de diagnostic et d’aide à la gestion des espaces sensibles aux processus de transferts hydro-sédim...