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Introduction: Gliomas are the tumours of neuroepithelial tissues and are named according to their cell of origin. Squash cytology and sterotactic biopsies with Haematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) staining form the backbone of diagnosis, nevertheless recent advances in Immunohistochemistry (IHC) have revolutionised the way gliomas are diagnosed and graded. Aim: To evaluate expression and correlation of p53 and Ki-67/MIB 1 amongst a series of gliomas diagnosed morphologically according to World Health Organisation (WHO) classification of Central Nervous System (CNS) tumours 2007. Materials and Methods: The present study was a prospective study conducted over a period of 18 months from December 2016 to May 2018 at a tertiary care centre in Uttarakhand, India. The study group comprised all consecutive cases of glial tumours that were clinically diagnosed and histopathologically confirmed as Gliomas during this period. Histopathological sections were made from formalin fixed tissue and stained with H&E and grading was done according to the WHO grading system 2007 for CNS neoplasms. Subsequently, IHC sections were taken on poly L-lysine coated slides and IHC staining of p53 and MIB1 (Ki-67) was performed. The IHC scores were calculated and correlated with histopathological grade. Statistical analysis was done using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software version 17.0. Results: A total of 40 cases of glial tumours diagnosed on histopatholgy were included in the study. They showed M:F ratio of 1.22:1 with peak age incidence of 21-30 years. Astrocytoma, grade IV was the most frequent diagnosis followed by grade II on H&E. On IHC, grade II diffuse astrocytomas, grade III Anaplastic Astrocytomas (AA), and Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM) demonstrated a mean p53 positivity of 29.5, 50.83 and 47.66, respectively and a Ki-67 positivity of 32.5, 48.33 and 58.08, respectively. For ependymomas grade I, II and III the mean p53 positivity was 9, 5.26 and 12, respectively and the mean Ki-67 positivity was 2, 7.93 and 40, respectively. Amongst oligodendrogliomas grade II and III showed a p53 positivity of 6 and 8.25 and Ki-67 positivity of 12 and 30.5, respectively. A stronger correlation was found between an increase in histologic grade and proliferation markers. Conclusion: Histologic grade was the most important prognostic factor with respect to patient survival in glial neoplasms. The immunopositivity for p53 and Ki-67 correlated well with histological malignancy grade in all glioma subtypes, but a considerable overlap of proliferative index was observed between different subtypes.

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BACKGROUND: There is limited data on the spectrum of benign and malignant neoplasms of skin and subcutis in India. AIM: This study was undertaken in a tertiary care hospital of Uttarakhand to evaluate the frequency of various neoplasms affecting skin and subcutis in biopsy specimens. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A retrospective and prospective analysis of 660 skin biopsies was undertaken. The neoplasms were categorized as per International classification of World health Organization (WHO). RESULTS: Of all the skin biopsies analyzed, tumors were seen in 24.5% (162/660). Benign neoplasms were more frequently seen (72.8 %) than malignant neoplasms (27.2%). Benign to malignant ratio was 2.7:1. Amongst the benign neoplasms, soft tissue tumors including vascular, fibrous/ fibrohistiocytic, lipomatous and neural tumors constituted the largest group (61.2%) followed by appendageal tumors (22.0%), melanocytic naevi (12.3%) and keratinocytic tumors (5.1%). On the other hand, amongst the malignant neoplasms, keratinocytic tumors were the commonest (77.3%) followed by melanoma (9.1%) and appendageal tumors (9.1%). CONCLUSION: Soft tissue tumors of skin and subcutis form the largest group amongst the benign neoplasms and keratinocytic tumors are the commonest malignant skin tumors.

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