C. perfringens is a highly versatile bacteria of livestock and humans, causing enteritis (a common food-borne illness in humans), enterotoxaemia (in which toxins are formed in the intestine which damage and destroy organs, i.e., the brain), and gangrene (wound infection). There is no particular cure for the toxins of C. perfringens. Supportive care (medical control of pain, intravenous fluids) is the standard treatment. Therefore, a multiple-epitope vaccine (MEV) should be designed to battle against C. perfringens infection. Furthermore, the main objective of this in silico investigation is to design an MEV that targets C. perfringens. For this purpose, we selected the top three proteins that were highly antigenic using immuno-informatics approaches, including molecular docking. B-cells, IFN-gamma, and T cells for target proteins were predicted and the most conserved epitopes were selected for further investigation. For the development of the final MEV, epitopes of LBL5, CTL17, and HTL13 were linked to GPGPG, AAY, and KK linkers. The vaccine N-end was joined to an adjuvant through an EAAK linker to improve immunogenicity. After the attachment of linkers and adjuvants, the final construct was 415 amino acids. B-cell and IFN-gamma epitopes demonstrate that the model structure is enhanced for humoral and cellular immune responses. To validate the immunogenicity and safety of the final construct, various physicochemical properties, and other properties such as antigenicity and non-allergens, were evaluated. Furthermore, molecular docking was carried out for verification of vaccine compatibility with the receptor, evaluated in silico. Also, in silico cloning was employed for the verification of the proper expression and credibility of the construct.

Objective:The objective of the study was to compare standard Ward's incision and comma-shaped incision and its influence on postoperative complications in surgical removal of impacted mandibular third molar.Materials and Methods:This was a prospective study. Fifty individuals divided into two groups with impacted mandibular third molars were recruited for the study. Twenty-five individuals were allocated to each group: a standard Ward's incision was made in Group A and a comma incision was made in Group B to reflect the mucoperiosteal flap, after which the common steps for removal of impacted third molars were followed. The postoperative parameters were recorded immediately on the postoperative days 1, 3, and 7.Observation and Results:The pain scores which were recorded on days 1, 3, and 7 in the surgical area with comma incisions were found to be significantly lower as compared to the pain scores in the area where standard incisions were made. Similarly, swelling was lesser with comma incision than with standard Ward's incision. There was a significant difference in mouth opening between the two incisions on day 1, but no significance was seen on days 3 and 7. All of these findings showed significant statistical differences.Summary and Conclusions:The results of the study showed that the new comma-shaped incision design was preferable over the conventional method (Ward's incision), considering the lesser degree of postoperative complications.

A huge diversity of microbial species continues to live with the human beings that are collectively known as microbiota. Several environmental factors can impact the microbial imbalance in the intestine which can play a starring role in health and disease conditions in humans. In this review, we have described the role of human microbiota in the individual’s susceptibility to infectious diseases such as gastrointestinal, respiratory, and female reproductive tract infections. Here, we have discussed how the indigenous microbiota interacts with the host and the invader microorganisms including bacteria, fungi, and viruses, and can modify the outcome of infections. The complex mechanisms of colonization resistance mediated by the microbiota as a direct and indirect way to fight against the infectious agents have been highlighted. Moreover, the approaches for the modulation of human microbiota for the prevention or therapeutic management of infectious diseases have been discussed especially the potential therapies directly targeting the microbiota such as probiotics, prebiotics, as well as fecal microbiota transplantation. Further studies need to focus on the complex interactions between the host and microbial species which could be helpful for a better understanding of the hidden potential of gut microbiota in the physiology of the host and could provide novel therapeutic targets and approaches.

Background: The aim of this study was to investigate the most common accurate position of the mental foramen in selected Kashmiri population, which helps in several clinical procedure and nerve block anesthesia. Methods: The study sample included one thousand panoramic radiographs of selected population of Kashmir that presented to postgraduate department of oral and maxillofacial surgery, Govt. dental college and hospital Srinagar from 2008 to 2015. Results: The most common Horizontal position of the mental foramen was below the root of second premolar tooth i.e. position 4 (44.77%). Conclusion: This may help the clinicians and anthropologists in identifying the mental foramen more accurately.

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