Background: Hospital waste is considered dangerous as it may pose undesirable effects on human health. Objective: To assess the hospital waste management practices in private and public-sector healthcare establishments at district Rahim Yar Khan. Methodology: This cross-sectional study was conducted in conveniently selected 34 healthcare establishments st th (HCEs) of district Rahim Yar Khan, from 1 January to 30 March 2018. Healthcare establishments included wards of a tertiary care hospital, basic health units, private clinics and hospitals of the district. Variables included were number of beds, color coding, hospital waste segregation at source, appropriate transportation vehicle, storage site and vehicles. SPSS version 21 was used for data entry and analysis. Results: Twenty-six (76.5%) of the healthcare establishments have waste segregation at source and 1 (2.9%) of HCE have no proper color coding and 21 (61.8%) of the HCEs have workers wearing protective gears and fifteen (44.1%) have appropriate vehicle for waste transport. Waste disposal was incineration in nineteen (55.89%) of HCEs. Eleven (57.9%) of the public sector HCEs were following segregation. (p=0.00) In private sector method of disposal of waste was mostly land disposal 7 (46.7%) while in public sector HCEs, was mostly incineration in 14 (73.7%%). (p=0.00) and out of total 34 HCEs, training about handling and waste management were given in only one (6.6%) of Private Hospitals. Conclusion: Most of the healthcare establishments have a good waste segregation, baskets with color coding, individual bed side bins available however personal protective gears, waste transport system and waste disposal methods were deficient. There was a mixed pattern of individual steps of waste handling among private and public sector hospitals.

OBJECTIVE: This case-control study was conducted to analyze the association of periodontitis with risk indicators i.e. age, gender, education status, brushing habits and past dental visits in systemically healthy patients. METHODS: The study included total of 1097 systemically healthy, non-tobacco using patients with age ≥ 18 years that reported to periodontology department from year 2018. The demographic details and dental care pattern of the patients were extracted from the records of periodontology department, and their frequencies were formulated. The association of five study variables i.e. age, gender, education status, brushing habits and past dental visits was assessed using forward step-wise logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: Total of 471(42.9%) patients were diagnosed with periodontitis. Higher frequency of periodontitis was observed in patients who were male and ≥ 50 years of age. Regression analysis showed that the subjects with < 50 years of age, ≥ 12 years of education, regular brushing habits and regular past dental visits had greater odds of being safe from periodontitis. CONCLUSION: Since the population chosen for this research was systemically healthy, non-tobacco using individuals, a high prevalence (42.9%) of periodontitis was observed indicating the need to analyze the factors other than systemic conditions contributing in prevalence of periodontitis. Furthermore, a positive association between study variables and periodontitis was observed in this research, which will help the clinicians in prediction of periodontitis in systemically healthy, non-tobacco using individuals.

AIMS: This case-control study was conducted to analyze the association of periodontitis with risk predictors i.e. education status, brushing habits and past dental visits in systemically healthy patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 1097 systemically healthy, non-tobacco using patients with age ≥18 years who reported to periodontology department were included. The demographic details and dental care pattern of the patients were extracted from the records of periodontology department and their frequencies were formulated. The association of three predicting factors i.e. education status, brushing habits and past dental visits was assessed on SPSS using binary logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: A total of 471(42.9%) patients were diagnosed with periodontitis. Higher frequency of periodontitis was observed in patients who were male and >50 years of age. Subjects with ≥ 12 years of education, regular brushing habits and regular past dental visits showed greater odds of being safe from periodontitis. CONCLUSIONS: A positive association between the study variables and periodontitis was observed, which will help the clinicians in prediction of periodontitis in systemically healthy, non-smoking individuals. It also indicates a need of tailor made dental educational and awareness programs for prevention and control of periodontitis in systemically healthy individuals.

Aim: This case-control study was conducted to analyze the association of periodontitis with risk predictors i.e. age, gender, education status, brushing habits and past dental visits in systemically healthy patients. Materials and Methods: The study included total of 1097 systemically healthy, non-tobacco using patients with age ≥ 18 years that reported to periodontology department from year 2018. The demographic details and dental care pattern of the patients were extracted from the records of periodontology department, and their frequencies were formulated. The association of five study variables i.e. age, gender, education status, brushing habits and past dental visits was assessed using forward step-wise logistic regression analysis. Results: Total of 471(42.9%) patients were diagnosed with periodontitis. Higher frequency of periodontitis was observed in patients who were male and ≥ 50 years of age. Regression analysis showed that the subjects with < 50 years of age, ≥ 12 years of education, regular brushing habits and regular past dental visits had greater odds of being safe from periodontitis. Conclusion: Since the population chosen for this research was systemically healthy, non-tobacco using individuals, a high prevalence (42.9%) of periodontitis was observed indicating the need to analyze the factors other than systemic conditions contributing in prevalence of periodontitis. Furthermore, a positive association between study variables and periodontitis was observed in this research, which will help the clinicians in prediction of periodontitis in systemically healthy, non-tobacco using individuals.