Background: Hospital waste is considered dangerous as it may pose undesirable effects on human health. Objective: To assess the hospital waste management practices in private and public-sector healthcare establishments at district Rahim Yar Khan. Methodology: This cross-sectional study was conducted in conveniently selected 34 healthcare establishments st th (HCEs) of district Rahim Yar Khan, from 1 January to 30 March 2018. Healthcare establishments included wards of a tertiary care hospital, basic health units, private clinics and hospitals of the district. Variables included were number of beds, color coding, hospital waste segregation at source, appropriate transportation vehicle, storage site and vehicles. SPSS version 21 was used for data entry and analysis. Results: Twenty-six (76.5%) of the healthcare establishments have waste segregation at source and 1 (2.9%) of HCE have no proper color coding and 21 (61.8%) of the HCEs have workers wearing protective gears and fifteen (44.1%) have appropriate vehicle for waste transport. Waste disposal was incineration in nineteen (55.89%) of HCEs. Eleven (57.9%) of the public sector HCEs were following segregation. (p=0.00) In private sector method of disposal of waste was mostly land disposal 7 (46.7%) while in public sector HCEs, was mostly incineration in 14 (73.7%%). (p=0.00) and out of total 34 HCEs, training about handling and waste management were given in only one (6.6%) of Private Hospitals. Conclusion: Most of the healthcare establishments have a good waste segregation, baskets with color coding, individual bed side bins available however personal protective gears, waste transport system and waste disposal methods were deficient. There was a mixed pattern of individual steps of waste handling among private and public sector hospitals.

Purpose: The first step towards achieving the goals of the Child Health and Reproductive Health Program is to raise awareness and educate pregnant women about the essential features of basic and emergency maternity and neonatal care. Aims: To assess the level of knowledge on essential antenatal care among pregnant females. Study Design: A cross-sectional study. Place and Duration: The study was conducted at Gynaecology and Obstetrics department of Sheikh Zayed Hospital, Rahim Yar Khan and Shahida Islam Teaching Hospital, Lodhran for the duration of six months from 16th August 2020 to 15th February 2021. Methods: This study was held among 110 pregnant women who arrived based on information on antenatal care in the literature. Participants were selected by simple random sampling, and data on “essential obstetrics care" information was collected through a structured interview program based on the mother-Child Protection Charter. Results: This study shows that 46.4% of participants have sufficient knowledge of the signs / symptoms of the dangers of pregnancy, 44.5% have sufficient knowledge of antenatal care and only 9.1% have sufficient knowledge of maternity care. It was found that knowledge of obstetric care is significantly related to the education level of pregnant women. Conclusions: The knowledge gap found in this study indicates the need to reassess the effectiveness of health education activities implemented through the health system and improve / renew the content and quality of health education materials in order to raise awareness among pregnant women. Keywords: Antenatal care, MCP card, Obstetrics care, Primary health care.

Background: An emergency department is a medical treatment facility which is specialized emergency medicine, the acute care of patients who present without any prior appointment either by their own means or by that of an ambulance. Objective: To determine the efficiency of emergency services in a tertiary care hospital. Methodology: It was a cross sectional study, conducted at Emergency Department of Sheikh Zayed Medical College/Hospital, Rahim Yar Khan, from August to October, 2019. A total of 139 subjects who were patients attending emergency department were involved in the study by using random sampling technique. Data was collected by a predesigned proforma. Variables included were age, sex, occupation, door to treatment time, presenting complaints of patient, designation of health care provider, further investigation advised, given treatment, referral to OPD or ward. Results: Mean age of patients was 33±19 years. Out of 139 patients, 59.7% were males and from urban area each, 44.6% were illiterate, 75% of the study subjects were treated by a doctor, and 25.9% came with GIT complaints. It was noted that 48.2 % of the patients had the first contact within 4 minutes, and treatment of 49.7% patients was started within 10 minutes, and 3.5% of the patients it took more than 25 minutes. Conclusion: This study showed that almost half of the patients received treatment within four minutes while few of the patients have to wait for upto twenty five minutes to get healthcare, which is quite a long time as for as emergency healthcare services is concerned., additionally only half of the patients were received by doctors.