In order to discuss the reactivity of carbonaceous materials with CO 2 , the Raman spectroscopy analysis was carried out. Nine kinds of materials were examined. The Raman spectra of ordered materials could be assigned to the graphite structure and its defect, but those of disordered materials could not. New parameters were derived to evaluate the structure of the latter. Using the parameters, the structure change was followed during high temperature heat treatment. The disordered material consists of random structure, graphite structure and its defects. The random structure changes to the graphite structure with many defects and the defects decrease with the heat treatment temperature. The reaction rate constant is evaluated. It increases when the structure changes from the random structure to the graphite structure with many defects. After the change, it decreases with decreasing the defects in graphite structure. Thus, the most reactive material should consist of the graphite structure with many defects.KEY WORDS: natural and synthetic graphite; coke; wood charcoal; bamboo charcoal; Raman spectroscopy; reactivity with CO 2 ; new parameters to evaluate structure; structure change during heat treatment; highly reactive material.

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Several amounts of electric arc furnace (EAF) steel slag ultimately end up in final landfill sites. After developing a method to estimate the impacts of eluate from slag, particularly on phytoplankton, this study assessed novel slag applications to aquatic environments. First, metal components were eluted from EAF slags of common steel or stainless steel with a leaching condition based on JIS K 0058-1. The metal components in slag were analyzed using emission spectrochemical analyses. After incubation of green algae Chlorella as phytoplankton with culture media containing eluates from the respective slags, the effects of the respective eluates on algae were investigated using microscopy and flow cytometry. Results demonstrated that concentrations of metal effluents from slags, even for EAF steel slag, which included more hazardous materials than common slag, were almost all lower than environmental quality standards for effluent and drinking water. Analyses of algal cells treated with each eluate revealed that eluate induced neither lethality nor growth inhibition. Instead of cytotoxicity, the addition of each eluate enhanced algal growth. Infrared spectroscopy and potentiometry using a diaphragm-type electrode to measure aquatic CO 2 revealed that metal components from both slags in media produced greater amounts of aquatic CO 2 available for photosynthesis, thereby enhancing algal proliferation. Taken together, results show that using EAF slag in aquatic environments might be beneficial, not toxic, for photosynthetic organisms. Furthermore, bioassay using flow cytometry can estimate vigorous and aberrant algal growth simultaneously.

Objective:To evaluate open heart surgery with deep surface-induced hypothermia (sHT) and low-flow cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) in small and toybreed dogs. Study Design: Case series. Animals: Small breed dogs (n = 8) weighing o 5.5 kg with naturally occurring cardiac disease. Methods: Deep sHT under isoflurane anesthesia and low-flow rate CPB with a small-volume prime circuit were used. Ventricular septal defect was closed directly in 2 dogs and severe mitral regurgitation was corrected with mitral valvuloplasty (MVP) in 5 dogs and mitral valve replacement in 1 dog. Results: All dogs survived surgery; 1 dog died 6 days and 1 died 2 months after MVP. The other 6 dogs lived (mean follow-up, 32.8 months; range, 12-65 months). Mean body weight at surgery was 3.6 kg (range, 2-5.3 kg). Mean lowest esophageal temperature was 21.41C (range, 19.8-23.81C). Mean lowest pump flow volume was 29.2 mL/kg/min (range, 9.4-57.7 mL/kg/min) during aortic crossclamping (mean, 53.5 minutes; range, 25-79 minutes). Mean hematocrit before CPB was 38.6% (range, 33-47%) and 20.3% (range, 13-24%) during CPB with a small circuit priming volume of 225-260 mL. Conclusion: Deep sHT with low-flow rate CPB may be used for open heart surgery in small dogs weighing o 5.5 kg. Clinical Relevance: Open heart surgery for selected congenital defects and acquired defects in small and toy-breed dogs may be successfully performed using deep sHT and CPB.Surgical correction of acquired and congenital heart diseases is not commonly performed in small dogs (body weight o 5.5 kg) because cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) is more difficult.

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