The products produced by the media as professional work is news, information, and cultural content. These products are produced based on the historical organization of the media operating as a commercial company. With the 1980s, some structural changes in capitalism, such as globalization, flexible capital-labor relations, and the digital revolution, have greatly influenced the field of journalism. In parallel with the transformations in the media ownership structure, media organizations operate according to market conditions. As a result, the transfer of news and information of media is gradually decreasing. Today, the Propaganda Model, which reflects the merger of commercial media companies, levels of extreme inequality, class conflict and emerging new authoritarianism, remains valid. On the basis of a critical political economy approach, this chapter proposes to draw a road map of Herman and Chomsky's Propaganda Model and the current theoretical framework of journalism, including the effects of digital technology in journalism on news production.

ÖzBu çalışmanın amacı dijital gazetelerin ekonomik olarak yaşamlarını sürdürürken ne gibi stratejiler uyguladıklarını ortaya koymaktır. Okuyucular dijital içerik için ödemede bulunmak istemezken, gazeteler de kullandıkları iş modelleri ve reklam yöntemleriyle geleneksel içerik-reklam ayırımını gittikçe bulanıklaştırmaktadırlar. Dijital gazeteler yeni iş modelleri geliştirmeye çalışırken web ortamını ayrı bir platform olarak benimsemektedirler. Bir anlamda çevrimdışı sunulan hizmetleri internete aktarmak yerine reklamcıların ve kullanıcıların gereksinmelerine yanıt üretilmektedir. Nitekim bu çalışmada, internette en çok tıklanan 12 gazete ele alınmış ve içerik analizi uygulanmıştır. Söz konusu, Hürriyet, Milliyet, Habertürk, Sabah, Radikal, Akşam, Bugün, Zaman, Vatan, Star, Cumhuriyet ve Evrensel gazetelerinin çevrimiçi içerik analizleri sonucunda, bu gazetelerin e-ticaret ağının bir parçası oldukları görülmektedir. Sonuç olarak, içerik satmak doğru bir model olarak görülmezken, dijital gazeteler editöryal özerkliği ve yayımcılık ayrıcalığını çarpıtan bir aracılık görevini yerine getirmektedirler.Anahtar Kelimeler: Dijital Gazeteler, İnternet Reklamları, İş Modelleri. THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF DIGITAL NEWSPAPERS AbstractThe aim of this study is to present what kind of strategies the digital newspapers are implementing while maintaining their economic survival. As the readers do not want to pay for digital content, newspapers blur more traditional distinctions between advertisements and contents with the business models and advertisement methods they develop. Digital newspapers adopt the web environment as a separate platform while trying to develop new business models. In this regard, instead of transmitting the offline services to the internet, the requirements of users and advertisers have been met. In fact, in this study, the most clicked 12 newspapers have been selected and content analysis has been employed. Results of the content analysis of the newspapers such as Hürriyet, Milliyet, Habertürk, Sabah, Radikal, Akşam, Bugün, Zaman, Vatan, Star, Cumhuriyet and Evrensel have shown that these newspapers have become the part of e-commerce network. While selling content is not regarded as an appropriate model, these digital newspapers are fulfilling a mediation duty to distort editorial autonomy and publishing exemption.

Since cyber-attacks involve a wide range of actions, they are subject to various definitions and classification. As some of the attacks cover stealing data and information, some of them prevent the whole system from working. Some attacks are connected to political conflicts while others are caused by economic or social tensions. Due to the developments in new communication technologies, the espionage activities which were held by the governments previously have been also occurring in civil organizations. Espionage activities for political reasons as well as economic motivations can cause big damage. The fact that individuals and organizations do not take the necessary measures makes them easily the target of these attacks. While the problem is analyzing with a holistic approach, the need to examine the relations between institutions, social relations, information and hegemony from a moral point of view due to the concentration of constantly changing and developing technology on certain hands have precisely made this article necessary to deal with a critical economic political approach.

This study aims to explore how directly or indirectly control policies of Turkish political government towards media besides the ownership relations of the media affect the news making process. After 1980, Turkey experienced media concentration and media commercialism as a result of neoliberal policies. Though media concentration is a global phenomenon, the process has its own characteristics in Turkey. Free market is not supposed to have given rise to the birth of a free press. Intervention in relations and clientelism between the government and the media in history have merged with a rapid commercialism. This study examines the news making process with the political economy approach on the basis of the ownership structure and the relations between the media and the government. The study covers an analysis of 14 digital news portals based on their headlines between the dates 20-26 January 2015 and the hours 8:00 am. -11:00 pm. The data obtained indicate a similarity between the news portals in terms of topics agendas, and news discourse.

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