1 Technical Efficacy: Stage 1 J. MAGN. RESON. IMAGING 2017;46:431-439.

Inversion injuries of the ankle are the most common sport injuries. Extreme inversion of the ankle affects frequently lateral ankle ligaments, especially the anterior talofibular and calcaneofibular ligaments. The aim of this study is to investigate the ligaments in detail to contribute to accurate evaluation of radiological investigations and more precise surgical interventions by clarifying the anatomic structure of the ligaments by considering their functional importance. In the study, length between the attachment points and width at the midpoint of the anterior talofibular and calcaneofibular ligaments, length and width of the bands of anterior talofibular ligament, and connecting ligaments extending from the talus to calcaneus exchanging from the both ligaments were measured on the 46 ankles. In addition, angles between these ligaments and between longitudinal axis of the fibula and both ligaments were measured. Relationship between determined variables on the right and left sides was statistically analyzed. In diagnosis and treatment methods, the clinical importance of the anatomy of the lateral collateral ligaments of the ankle, especially the anterior talofibular and calcaneofibular ligaments, was frequently reported in the literature. Angular measurements benefit in determination of the ligament injury. Therefore, knowledge about normal anatomic angles between each other and angles between longitudinal axis of the fibula and both ligaments was certainly important for the correct diagnosis. Nowadays, surgical reconstructions of the ligaments are frequently used. During the surgical invention, length and width of the ligaments are necessary to determine quantity of ligament loss. Nonetheless, knowledge of ligament attachments contributes to more accurate reconstructions.

This study was conducted to examine the accessory head of flexor pollicis longus muscle (ahFPL) and its relation with the anterior interosseous nerve (AIN) in human fetuses and adult cadavers. Ninety fetus forearms and 52 adult cadaver forearms were dissected to evaluate the incidence, morphology, and innervation of the ahFPL. The ahFPL was observed in 29/90 (32%) of the fetus forearms and 20/52 (39%) of the adult cadaver forearms. The overall side incidence was 34.5% (49/142) among total forearms examined. On the other hand, the population incidence of ahFPL was 42% (19/45) in fetuses while it was 50% (12/24) in adult cadavers. So, the overall incidence in humans was 44.9% (31/69) in the population studied. Compression of the AIN in the forearm by the ahFPL is known as one of the causes of the anterior interosseous nerve syndrome (AINS). So, the relation of ahFPL with the AIN was evaluated, and in light of previous classifications a modified new classification is proposed. The most common relation detected in this study was Type IVa (71.4%) (AIN and its branches coursed posterior to the ahFPL). While Type I was not observed in this study, the incidences of Type II, Type III, and Type IVb (all AIN branches 'without AIN itself' coursed posterior to the ahFPL) were 2%, 14.3%, and 12.3%, respectively. The Types I, IVa, and IVb are thought to be associated with complete or incomplete types of AINS and Type III with incomplete type of AINS only.

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), a clear fluid bathing the central nervous system (CNS), undergoes pulsatile movements. Together with interstitial fluid, CSF plays a critical role for the removal of waste products from the brain, and maintenance of the CNS health. As such, understanding the mechanisms driving CSF movement is of high scientific and clinical impact. Since pulsatile CSF dynamics is sensitive and synchronous to respiratory movements, we are interested in identifying potential integrative therapies such as yogic breathing to regulate CSF dynamics, which has not been reported before. Here, we investigated the pre-intervention baseline data from our ongoing randomized controlled trial, and examined the impact of four yogic breathing patterns: (i) slow, (ii) deep abdominal, (iii) deep diaphragmatic, and (iv) deep chest breathing with the last three together forming a yogic breathing called three-part breath. We utilized our previously established non-invasive real-time phase contrast magnetic resonance imaging approach using a 3T MRI instrument, computed and tested differences in single voxel CSF velocities (instantaneous, respiratory, cardiac 1st and 2nd harmonics) at the level of foramen magnum during spontaneous versus yogic breathing. In examinations of 18 healthy participants (eight females, ten males; mean age 34.9 ± 14 (SD) years; age range: 18–61 years), we observed immediate increase in cranially-directed velocities of instantaneous-CSF 16–28% and respiratory-CSF 60–118% during four breathing patterns compared to spontaneous breathing, with the greatest changes during deep abdominal breathing (28%, p = 0.0008, and 118%, p = 0.0001, respectively). Cardiac pulsation was the primary source of pulsatile CSF motion except during deep abdominal breathing, when there was a comparable contribution of respiratory and cardiac 1st harmonic power [0.59 ± 0.78], suggesting respiration can be the primary regulator of CSF depending on the individual differences in breathing techniques. Further work is needed to investigate the impact of sustained training yogic breathing on pulsatile CSF dynamics for CNS health.

The aim of this study was to examine the morphology of submandibular fossae at edentulous posterior regions of dried mandibles and to determine a safe range for proper lingual angulation during the placement of a dental implant in the posterior mandibular region, with a computerized tomographic scan study. Spiral computed tomographic images of 77 dry adult human mandibles were evaluated to determine the deepest area in the submandibular fossa. Then, the proper lingual angulations for the placement of a dental implant at these regions were measured. Pearson's correlation coefficient was calculated to show the relation between the depths of submandibular fossa and lingual implant angulations. "Paired t test" was used for differences between the lingual implant angulations and the depths of submandibular fossa on each side of the mandibles. Depths of the submandibular fossa and lingual implant angulations were varied between 1.1 and 4.6 mm: 62°-84° on right side of the mandibles, and 1.1-4.5 mm, 65°-83° on left side of the mandibles. There were statistically medium negative correlations between the degree of lingual implant angulations and the depth of submandibular fossa on each side of the mandible (r = -0.44, p < 0.001, and r = -0.38, p = 0.001). There was a statistically significant difference between the right and left sides of the mandibles in terms of the depth of submandibular fossa (p = 0.01). Within the limits of this study, the depth of submandibular fossa was measured as ≥ 2 mm in around 71.5 % of examined regions, and lingual implant angulations were between 62° and 84°. These results may be considered by clinicians who are planning the dental implant placement in posterior mandible to avoid potential risk of lingual cortical plate perforation.