Sports participation is not without risk, and most athletes incur at least one injury throughout their careers. Combat sports are popular all around the world, and about one-third of their injuries result in more than 7 days of absence from competition or training. The most frequently injured body regions are the head and neck, followed by the upper and lower limbs, while the most common tissue types injured are superficial tissues and skin, followed by ligaments and joint capsules. Nutrition has significant implications for injury prevention and enhancement of the recovery process due to its effect on the overall physical and psychological well-being of the athlete and improving tissue healing. In particular, amino acid and protein intake, antioxidants, creatine, and omega-3 are given special attention due to their therapeutic roles in preventing muscle loss and anabolic resistance as well as promoting injury healing. The purpose of this review is to present the roles of various nutritional strategies in reducing the risk of injury and improving the treatment and rehabilitation process in combat sports. In this respect, nutritional considerations for muscle, joint, and bone injuries as well as sports-related concussions are presented. The injury risk associated with rapid weight loss is also discussed. Finally, preoperative nutrition and nutritional considerations for returning to a sport after rehabilitation are addressed.

Object ve: COVID-19 is linked with significant mortality and morbidity. To curb the spread of the pandemic, curfews and lockdowns were imposed in many countries, leading to reduced physical activity (PA) irrespective of race, ethnicity, or income level. Although some papers documented how PA level was affected by COVID-19 in children and elderly in some countries, no similar data is available in Turkey during the pandemic. Therefore, we aimed to document the changes in step count in Turkey following the first reported case.Mater als and Methods: A total of 1427 participants were included in the study (male: n=242, female: n=1185), and were asked to fill out an online survey with questions on demographic information, working conditions, medical history, and average daily step count for two months before (January-February) and after (March-April) the outbreak of COVID-19 (10 March) in Turkey. Two-way repeated measure variance analysis and independentsample t-tests were used to analyze the data.Results: Data revealed that step count/day decreased by 43.5% (pre: 6564 ± 3615 steps/day vs. during: 3707 ± 3006 steps/day; p<0.05) during the pandemic compared to the pre-pandemic, with no difference between males (32.9%) and females (45.9%) (p>0.05). A similar significant reduction (p>0.05) in step count was observed in the working (pre: 6795 ± 3832 steps/day vs. post: 4027 ± 3223 steps/day) and unemployed adults (pre: 6337 ± 3374 steps/day vs. post: 3390 ± 2742 steps/day) (p<0.001). Conclus on:Compared with the pre-pandemic, step count markedly decreased in all groups during the pandemic in Turkey, regardless of gender and medical condition. This study provides preliminary data on how the COVID-19 pandemic has impacted step count in Turkey.

The rapid increase in the world’s population leads to an increase in food demand. As a matter of fact, it is predicted that consumption of animal protein will double by 2050. However, increased consumption of animal protein raises climate crisis concerns as it may lead to an increased carbon and water footprint and more land use. Therefore, a sustainable sports nutrition concept is emerging for athletes with high animal protein consumption. As an alternative to animal protein sources, new protein sources are considered that can be used in athletes. In this review, the effects of plant, insect, fungal and algae-based protein sources on body composition, performance, and recovery by athletes were examined. Findings from the limited current literature reveal that: 1) vegetable protein sources are cost-effective and environmentally friendly, but they are low in sulfur containing essential amino acids, and must be consumed in large portions; 2) insect-based products have higher quality and higher protein content, but there is no consumption habit in many cultures; 3) although mycoproteins and microalgae have high protein content, they are not widely used yet due to their high production costs. In the future, it is expected that with the increase in awareness of the possible effects of animal protein production on the climate crisis, interest and research on alternative protein sources for sustainable sports nutrition will increase.

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Bu çalışmanın amacı; profesyonel buz hokeycilerin müsabaka dönemindeki beslenme durumlarının saptanması, antrenman, maç ve dinlenme günlerindeki enerji alımı, harcaması ve dengesinin değerlendirilmesidir. Çalışmaya en az 5 yıldır aktif buz hokeyi oynayan 21 profesyonel buz hokeyi sporcusu (11 kadın, 10 erkek) katılmıştır. Sporcular 2 antrenman, 1 dinlenme ve 1 müsabaka gününde olmak üzere toplam 4 gün boyunca besin tüketim kaydı ve fiziksel aktivite kaydı tutmuşlardır. Sporcuların makro ve mikro besin ögelerini tüketim düzeyleri, antrenman, maç ve dinlenme günlerine göre enerji alım ve harcama düzeyleri belirlenmiş ve enerji dengeleri hesaplanmıştır. Verilerin analizinde Bağımsız Gruplarda T Test ve Tekrarlayan Ölçümlerde İki Yönlü Varyans Analizi kullanılmıştır. Çalışmanın bulguları, buz hokeycilerin müsabaka döneminde antrenman, maç ve dinlenme günü fark etmeksizin günlük enerji gereksinimlerini karşılayamadığını ve erkeklerde (-1912 kkal) kadınlara (-1451 kkal) kıyasla daha fazla enerji açığı oluştuğunu göstermiştir. Karbonhidrat alımı, incelenen gün (antrenman, maç, dinlenme) ve cinsiyetten bağımsız olarak yetersiz bulunmuştur (kadın: 2,5 g/kg/gün; erkek: 2,24 g/kg/gün). Günlük protein gereksinmesinin her koşulda karşılandığı (kadın: 1,54 g/kg/gün; erkek: 1,50 g/kg/gün) ancak dinlenme gününde protein alımının azaldığı (1.2 g/kg/gün) saptanmıştır. Kalsiyum ve potasyum alımının RDA önerisini dahi karşılayamadığı (kalsiyum: %72; potasyum: %54), demir alımının ise sadece kadınlarda yetersiz kaldığı (%75) bulunmuştur. Sonuç olarak, profesyonel kadın ve erkek buz hokeycilerin müsabaka dönemlerinde yetersiz beslendikleri, günlük makro ve mikro besin ögelerinin bir kısmını karşılayamadıkları belirlenmiştir. Bu durumun devam etmesinin sporcuların sağlığını ve performansını olumsuz etkileyebileceği dikkate alındığında, sporcuların enerji gereksinimlerindeki değişimlerin sezon boyunca yakından takip edilerek enerji dengesinin korunmasına, makro ve mikro besin ögelerinin karşılanmasına yönelik önlemlerin alınması önerilmektedir.