Background Chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting are some of the most disturbing side effects in pediatric cancer patients. The standard recommendation is the use of 5-hydroxytryptamine 3 receptor antagonist, such as ondansetron, to treat these symptoms. Despite this treatment, more than 50% of patients still experience nausea and vomiting.Objective To evaluate the effect of the addition of omeprazole to ondansetron in the treatment of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting.Methods A double-blind, randomized, controlled trial was conducted at Haji Adam Malik Hospital, Medan, North Sumatera, from March to May 2016. Subjects were children aged 1 to 18 years, diagnosed with cancer, and who received intravenous chemotherapy. Patients were randomized to receive either a single dose of ondansetron (0.5 mg/kg) plus placebo or ondansetron (0.5 mg/kg) plus omeprazole (0.5 mg/kg). The severity of nausea and vomiting were measured using the Rhodes index of nausea, vomiting, and retching during the 24 hours after initiation of emetogenic chemotherapy. The primary outcome of efficacy was the proportion of patients who achieved complete response (lack of nausea/vomiting). Statistical analysis was performed by Chi-square and Fischer’s exact tests.Results Seventy eligible pediatric patients were randomized into two groups: 32 subjects in the ondansetron + placebo group and 38 others in the ondansetron + omeprazole group. The therapy failed in 50% (16/32) of the ondansetron + placebo group and 18.4% (7/38) of the ondansetron + omeprazole group. There was a significant difference in the clinical response between groups (P=0.01).Conclusion The addition of omeprazole to ondansetron for the treatment of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting is more effective than administration of ondansetron alone.

Background Neonatal sepsis is the leading cause of death after pneumonia. Definitive bacterial sepsis diagnoses are made by blood culture results, which require a lengthy time. C-reactive protein (CRP) levels and a hematologic scoring system by Rodwell et al. are rapid tests that may be useful for diagnosing neonatal sepsis. Objective To determine the diagnostic value of CRP measurement and a hematologic scoring system compared to blood culture as the gold standard for diagnosing neonatal sepsis. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted from April to August 2015 in the Neonatology Ward of Haji Adam Malik Hospital, Medan. A total of 43 neonates who were clinically suspected to have sepsis underwent CRP, hematologic scoring, and blood cultures. The IT ratio and procalcitonin indices were also examined. Diagnostic values were analyzed by a 2x2 table.Results Fourteen percent from all sample had positive bacterial culture. The CRP measurements had a sensitivity of 92.8%, specificity of 62%, positive predictive value (PPV) of 54.1%, negative predictive value (NPV) of 94.7%, positive likelihood ratio (PLR) of 2.44, and negative likelihood ratio (NLR) of 0.11. The hematologic scoring system had a sensitivity of 100%, specificity of 82.7%, PPV of 73.6%, NPV of 100%, PLR of 5.78, and NLR of 0. Procalcitonin and IT ratio show a good value of sensitivity and NPV, respectively. Conclusion The hematologic scoring system has better specificity than CRP measurement as compared to blood culture. However, both tests have good sensitivity for diagnosing neonatal sepsis.

Disentri merupakan salah satu penyebab kesakitan dan kematian terutama pada anak usia di bawah 5 tahun. Penyebab tersering disentri adalah Shigella spp. World Health Oranization (WHO) menganjurkan pemberian trimetoprim-sulfametoksazol pada diare berdarah tanpa mengetahui penyebab. Banyak laporan mengenai resistensi trimetoprimsulfametoksazol, sehingga perlu dicari alternatif antimikroba untuk pengobatan shigellosis. Disamping itu, perlu pemahaman yang baik mengenai mekanisme terjadinya resistensi.

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Hemangioma, merupakan tumor jinak endotel vaskular yang paling sering dijumpai pada masa bayi (10%-12% dari seluruh anak mendekati umur 1 tahun ), ditandai dengan fase proliferasi yang berlangsung cepat selama 8 hingga 18 bulan, diikuti dengan fase involusi spontan selama 5 sampai 8 tahun. Hemangioma umumnya mengenai kulit, terutama kepala dan leher (60%), dan anggota gerak (25%). Ukurannya sangat bervariasi mulai dari beberapa millimeter hingga sentimeter. Hampir pada seluruh kasus, diagnosis dapat ditegakkan secara ekslusif berdasarkan pemeriksaan fisis dan riwayat penyakit. Namun demikian, beberapa jenis hemangioma dapat disalahartikan sebagai malformasi vaskular atau jenis tumor lain, sehingga diperlukan pemeriksaan penunjang. Umumnya hemangioma tidak menimbulkan komplikasi, dan dapat diobservasi hingga terjadi involusi spontan. Pada beberapa kasus diperlukan pengobatan. Banyak pilihan terapi pada hemangioma, namun sampai saat ini pemberian obat-obatan masih menjadi pilihan utama di banding operasi atau terapi lain. Terapi steroid merupakan terapi pilihan utama walaupun masih banyak kontroversi sehubungan dengan efek samping yang mungkin terjadi. Pada kasus yang berat dan gagal dengan terapi steroid sebanyak 2 siklus dapat dipertimbangkan untuk melakukan operasi, radioterapi, dan pemberian sitostatika seperti vinkristin dan bleomisin. Sari Pediatri 2010;12(3):204-10.