Alcoholic liver disease (ALD), which includes fatty liver, cirrhosis, steatosis, fibrosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma, is a global health problem. The probiotic effects of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are well-known; however, their protective effect against ALD remains unclear. Therefore, in this study, our objective was to assess the protective effects of LAB on ALD. To this end, mice were fed either a normal diet or an alcohol diet for 10 days (to induce ALD) accompanied by vehicle treatment (the NC and AC groups) or kimchi-derived LAB (Lactiplantibacillus plantarum DSR J266 and Levilactobacillus brevis DSR J301, the AL group; or Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG, the AG group). Our results showed that mice in the AC group showed significantly higher serum aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase levels than those in the normal diet groups; however, their levels in the AL and AG groups were relatively lower. We also observed that the AL and AG groups showed relatively lower interleukin-6 levels than the AC group. Additionally, AC group showed the accumulation of several fat vesicles in the liver, while the AL and AG groups showed remarkably lower numbers of fat vesicles. The relative abundance of Enterococcus feacalis, which showed association with liver injury, significantly increased in the AC group compared with its levels in the normal diet groups. However, the AG group showed a decreased relative abundance in this regard, confirming that LAB exerted an improvement effect on gut microbial community. These findings suggested that via gut microbiota alteration, the ingestion of LAB can alleviate the ill effects of alcohol consumption, including inflammation, liver damage, gut dysbiosis, and abnormal intestinal nutrient metabolism.

By design, IS-95 filter generates remaining ICI (interchip interference) after matched filtering in the receiver side. To keep the backward compatibility, IS-95 filter is recommended as a chip waveform shaping filter in all the sequels of international standard from the 3GPP2. The performance degradation by the filter was not significant in a conventional QPSK modulation scheme but not negligible in the recently proposed system where multi-level modulation scheme is adopted. In this paper, we investigate the performance degradation caused by this ICI of the IS-95 filter and propose MMSE receiver filter to compensate for the performance loss. We apply the proposed receiver to CDMA1xEV-DV system where multi-level modulation is used.

In this paper, we first analyze the performance loss due to the waveform shaping filter specified by the 3GPPZ. Analysis and simulation results show that there is significant SNR penalty which was not usually considered in the previous system. Then we propose the MMSE receiver filter which is designed to eliminate remaining interference and satisfy the FCC mask rule at the same time. Both the analysis and simulation results show that most of the SNR penalty can be eliminated.