Energy storage such as vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFB) has increased to store renewable energy resources in the last decade. However, the unbalanced crossover level of vanadium is often a major constraint which has a significant impact on battery capacity and life cycle in long-term operation. Performing an asymmetric electrolyte volume is one of many ways to solve this problem. The different volumes on the positive and negative sides were analyzed to see their effect in suppressing the decrease in VRFB capacity. With the result of the optimal electrolyte excess ratio, long-term cycle performance was carried out to investigate the reduction in capacity of VRFBs.

The success of the welding process is the occurrence of good and strong welding joints that are inseparable from the influence of the heat source. The problem that often occurs when welding is a distortion that can trigger the initial formation of cracks. By predicting the level of welding distortion beforehand, engineers can also reduce the amount of rework by reverse design and distortion margins. That is why with current technological developments it is possible to carry out simulations based on analytical solutions that are implemented through the use of software, where in this study the authors sought to model the temperature of the HAZ region in the Butt Joint process using MSC Marc Mentat. The simulation results show that the heat source is very determining the occurrence of distortion and pressure on the surface. This is caused by the phenomenon of melting and shrinkage that occurs in a short time.