A virada digital na história reformulou nossa documentação, transformou as ferramentas usadas para armazenar, tratar e acessar a informação, e, por vezes, adiantou novas questões epistemológicas juntamente com novas ferramentas criadas para responder por elas. Ainda assim, no momento, não há uma metodologia sistemática desenvolvida para abordar de forma crítica essas ferramentas digitais, analisar o deslocamento dos "big data" e compreender a nova capacidade pública para todos trabalharem com o passado. Todas essas transformações afetam profundamente o relacionamento entre os historiadores e seu público, suas abordagens visando novas fontes digitais e, finalmente, o registro escrito da história. A perturbadora virada digital questiona a profissão de historiador globalmente, e levanta as incertezas acerca do futuro da historiografia tradicional e as narrativas sobre o passado para diferentes públicos. As narrativas da história digital (pública) requerem que os métodos e códigos profissionais sejam reescritos e reinterpretados e novas práticas sobre o passado sejam dominadas na era digital. O mundo digital condicionou profundamente a presença do passado em nossas sociedades e favoreceu novas percepções do público para a passagem do tempo na história e a presença de lembranças. O domínio digital permite a criação de novas interconexões entre o passado, nosso presente e nosso futuro. ABSTRACTThe Digital Turn in history has reformulated our documentation processes, transformed the ways we archive, treat and access information and has sometimes anticipated new epistemological questions together with new tools created to respond to them. Yet there is still no systematic methodology developed to critically approach these new digital tools, to analyze the transit of "big data" and understand the new public capaity to deal with the past. All this change deeply affects the relationship between historians and their public, their approaches to new digital sources and, finally, the written recording of history. This disturbing digital turn questions professional historians globally and raises uncertainties as to the future of traditional historiography and narratives of the past for diverse publics. The narratives of (public) digital history require that professional methods and codes be rewritten and reinterpretated and that new practices be mastered. The digital world has deeply influenced the presence of the past in our societiesand favours new public perceptions of the passage of time in history as well as the presence of memories. The digital domain allows for the creation of new interconexions between the past, our present, and our future. Thus we might ask ourselves if, given the public dissemination of new interactive digital technologies, we must deeply review the current relationship with the past, our

Abstract:To date, one of the main aims of the World Wide Web has been to provide users with information. In addition to private homepages, large professional information providers, including news services, companies, and other organisations have set up web-sites. With the development and advance of recent technologies such as wikis, blogs, podcasting and file sharing this model is challenged and community-driven services are gaining influence rapidly. These new paradigms obliterate the clear distinction between information providers and consumers. The lines between producers and consumers are blurred even more by services such as Wikipedia, where every reader can become an author, instantly.This paper presents an overview of a broad selection of current technologies and services: blogs, wikis including Wikipedia and Wikinews, social networks such as Friendster and Orkut as well as related social services like del.icio.us, file sharing tools such as Flickr, and podcasting. These services enable user participation on the Web and manage to recruit a large number of users as authors of new content. It is argued that the transformations the Web is subject to are not driven by new technologies but by a fundamental mind shift that encourages individuals to take part in developing new structures and content. The evolving services and technologies encourage ordinary users to make their knowledge explicit and help a collective intelligence to develop.

In 1979, the historian Anne Firor Scott, who five years later was to become President of the Organization of American Historians, proclaimed: "Woman's place is in the history books."(1) Of course this was less a description of the actual situation than a challenge for the future; traditionally history has counted as something that men made, that men suffered, that men wrote. Male experience both in and of history was equated with "general history", with history "in general". This was summed up, for instance, in 1911 by Eduard Fueter in the very first chapter of his well-known and still indispensable Geschichte der neueren Historioqraphie. Here, he addressed the beginnings of modern historiography in the fourteenth century: Francesco Petrarca's Liber de viris illustribus and Giovanni Boccaccio's De Claris mulieribus, a parallel collection of women's biographies. Fueter was moved to comment: "It was a strange idea to assume that Petrarca was only writing about men and to conclude from this that fairness or gallantry called for a female counterpart." According to Fueter, Petrarca had presented not men, but "generals and politicians" and thus "the military and political power of ancient Rome." Boccaccio, however, in writing about women, had "abandoned the field of history in general."(2)Yet, the issue of the history of women had already been raised long before, and it had been written primarily by women. This fact constitutes a hitherto unknown chapter in women's history as well

This article traces the origins and development of public history in Italy, a field not anymore without this name today. Public history in Italy has its roots in historical institutions born in the nineteenth century and in the post WW2 first Italian Republic. The concept of “public use of history” (1993), the important role played by memory issues in post-war society, local and national identity issues, the birth of public archaeology (2015) before public history, the emergence of history festivals in the new millennium are all important moments shaping the history of the field and described in this essay. The foundation of the “Italian Association of Public History” (AIPH) in 2016/2017, and the promotion of an Italian Public History Manifesto (2018) together with the creation of Public History masters in universities, are all concrete signs of a vital development of the field in the Peninsula.

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