The information on the structure and properties of The information on the structure and properties of peptide nucleic acids (PNA) is generalised. The use of PNA peptide nucleic acids (PNA) is generalised. The use of PNA oligomers in biomolecular studies and biotechnology is exempli-oligomers in biomolecular studies and biotechnology is exemplified. The published data on the most important methods for the fied. The published data on the most important methods for the chemical synthesis of PNA oligomers with the main emphasis on chemical synthesis of PNA oligomers with the main emphasis on the efficiency of condensation reactions are considered. The the efficiency of condensation reactions are considered. The methods for PNA synthesis are systematised; their advantages methods for PNA synthesis are systematised; their advantages and disadvantages are discussed. Some recommendations for and disadvantages are discussed. Some recommendations for optimisation of the condensation procedure and synthesis of optimisation of the condensation procedure and synthesis of PNA are presented. The bibliography includes 153 references PNA are presented. The bibliography includes 153 references. .

Data on the methods employed for cross-linking of DNA strands and for the synthesis of oligonucleotide duplexes with cross-links between strands are summarised. Existing methods are systematised; their advantages and drawbacks are discussed. The examples of applications of DNA duplexes with covalently cross-linked chains for the study of protein ± nucleic acid recognition and mechanisms of action of nucleic acid-binding proteins for gaining information about the spatial structure of nucleic acids, and for the solution of other problems of molecular biology are given. The bibliography includes 131 references.

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