The authors have analyzed crimes connected with the use of virtual currency in the regional and international aspects. They introduce a new category of «cryptocrime» understood as the aggregate of publically dangerous acts, united by their common systemic characteristics, committed against or using the products of distributed registries (cryptocurrency, tokens and other forms of digital financial assets). They analyze each of the cryptocrime segments separately: illegal trade in psychoactive substances (narcotics, psychoactive substances, precursors), pornography and other prohibited content (including illegal services); laundering of criminal proceeds; theft of cryptocurrency and tokens. Using the scientific research methods (comparative, sociological, statistical analysis and extrapolation of data, building a trend line, etc.) the authors identify regularities in the dynamics of each type of cryptocrime as well as key factors facilitating them. The goal of the authors is to conduct a systemic examination of crimes committed against and using cryptocurrency and to determine the prospects of developing different segments of cryptocrime. To achieve this goal, they analyze qualitative and quantitative characteristics of illegal trade in narcotics and pornography, legalization of criminal proceeds and theft of digital assets. They name the anonymity of cryptocurrency as a factor facilitating illegal trade in drugs, while the growing scope of the legalization of criminal proceeds and theft is facilitated by the fact that cryptocurrency and tokens do not have a legal status as objects of civil law and objects of encroachments on property. The analysis allows the authors to conclude that without effective criminological measures the level of such crimes will continue to grow and may double by the end of 2019. According to the authors, the priority directions of international criminal policy in the sphere of cryptocrime prevention include determining cryptocurrencies’ legal status, licensing cryptocurrency trade (stock exchange services, exchange platforms, companies issuing tokens), setting international standards of counteracting the legalization of criminal proceeds and the financing of terrorism, creating a cryptocrime database.

2 Московский университет МВД России им. В.Я. Кикотя, г. Москва, Российская Федерация 3 Научно-исследовательский институт Федеральной службы исполнения наказаний России, г. Москва, Российская Федерация Информация о статье Дата поступления 28 ноября 2017 г. Дата принятия в печать 25 мая 2018 г. Дата онлайн-размещения 18 июня 2018 г. Ключевые слова Цифровая криминология; математическое прогнозирование; математические методы; преступность; методы прогнозирования преступности; математическая модель преступности; параметры оценки преступности; профилактика преступленийАннотация. Статья посвящена рассмотрению проблем цифровой криминологии, анализу методов математического прогнозирования и возможности их использования в области изучения преступности. Усложнение задачи противодействия преступности обусловливает необходимость как критического осмысления существующих методов, так и изыскания возможностей выхода за рамки традиционных методов изучения правовых явлений. Информационно-аналитическая деятельность органов внутренних дел, основанная на разработке программ предупреждения преступности, имеет своей главной целью применение математических методов анализа преступности. Предметом изучения выступает совокупность математических методов, отобранных с учетом целесообразности их применения для криминологического прогнозирования. Авторы выделяют следующие методы: метод моделирования, корреляционный анализ, анализ ранговых корреляций и таблиц сопряженности, дискриминантный анализ, регрессионный анализ, дисперсионный анализ, ковариационный анализ, факторный анализ, анализ временных рядов, метод сезонных колебаний, метод максимального правдоподобия (в частности, его разновидность -метод наименьших квадратов), метод расчета среднегодовых темпов прироста, аппарат логических решающих функций, распознавание образов, вариационные исчисления, спектральный анализ, цепи Маркова, алгебра логики и др. Математическое прогнозирование в цифровой криминологии состоит в использовании имеющихся количественных и качественных параметров преступности, получении их математической зависимости от времени, пространства, других известных независимых переменных. В результате исследования установлено, что использование математической обработки криминологической информации позволяет увеличить точность прогнозных оценок.Abstract. The paper is devoted to the problems of digital criminology, the analysis of the methods of mathematical forecasting and the possibility of using them for crime research. The growing complexity of the task of crime counteraction determines the necessity for both the critical overhaul of the existing methods and the search for opportunities to go beyond the boundaries of the traditional methods of researching legal phenomena. The information and analytical work of law enforcement bodies based on the development of crime prevention programs has the key goal of the application of mathematical methods of crime analysis. The object of research is the complex of mathematical methods selected on the basis of their suitability for the purp...

The goal of this study is to identify the problems in the existing system of criminological prevention of extremist crimes committed using information and telecommunication networks, and to work out ideas for its improvement. The authors use general and special research methods, primarily, sociological ones. They have studied 184 criminal cases of extremist crimes committed using information and telecommunication networks tried in courts in the cities of Irkutsk, Moscow, Penza, in Kursk, Moscow, Murmansk, Samara and Chelyabinsk Regions and in the Republic of Bashkortostan in 2010–2017. The have also analyzed the published decisions of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation and surveyed 158 employees of the internal affairs bodies, 42 judges, 80 employees of the Investigation Committee of the Russian Federation, as well as 46 faculty members from Moscow, Moscow Region and the Republic of Bashkortostan. The authors have analyzed statistical data for 2010–2017 gathered by the Chief Information and Analytics Center of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia and the Court Department of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation. The article takes into account novels of criminal legislation regarding the use of information and telecommunication networks for committing extremist crimes introduced in 2013–2017, the clauses of the Federal Law «On the Basics of the System of Preventing Crimes in the Russian Federation» of 2016. The authors also pay attention to the Strategy of State National Policy of the Russian Federation until 2025, the Counter-Extremism Strategy of the Russian Federation until 2025, the Doctrine of Information Security of 2016, the Strategy of Developing Information Society in the Russian Federation in 2017–2030, and the new Clarifications of the Plenary Session of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation. A complex research of the problems of counteracting extremist crimes committed with the use of information and telecommunication networks allowed the authors to formulate suggestions on improving the system of criminological prevention of these criminal acts.

The authors analyze street-level corruption as a complex criminological phenomenon. They use the methods of statistical, comparative law and correlation analysis to examine the dynamics of street-level bribery, outline its conceptual borders and identify the key criminological parameters and characteristics of bribery. The presented corruption indicators (street-level corruption type, corruption-infestation index of state and local authorities, structure of bribery and transactional costs index) make it possible to widen the borders of criminological research of street-level bribery, introduce new categories and concepts into the research agenda, reject the traditional view of street-level corruption as a solely criminal law phenomenon and predict its dynamics in the short- and mid-term. The authors note that the new criminological trends include the gradual habitualization of corruption, the increase in the number of corruption crimes committed by the police, the growing share of crimes connected with bribery (legalization of criminal income, fraud, excess and abuse of authority). Besides, they draw attention to the fact that modern street-level corruption directly depends on the type of authority that state and municipal agencies have and on the effectiveness (difficulty) of resolving problems by the consumer of corruption services.

The article deals with a complex and, at the same time, topical issue of international legal regulation of countering extremist activities. The article analyzes the provisions of the national security Strategy of the Russian Federation, the Strategy of the state national policy of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2025, and the Strategy for countering extremism in the Russian Federation up to 2025. Special attention is paid to the legal regulation of countering extremist activities within the framework of the United Nations, the Shanghai Commonwealth Organization and other international legal documents. It is determined that countering extremist activities and preventing the financing of terrorism and extremism is the most important component in the system of measures of both national and international character that determine the main directions of law enforcement activities in the field of countering organized extremism.