The present paper gives a review of such terms as "value" and "extracurricular activities". Secular values are to be passed from generation to generation. Family is the most traditional means of the transfer. However, educational institutions are of equal importance, though criticized at all times and under all regimes. Therefore, school must build spiritual and moral values in schoolchildren, taking in consideration the current conditions. The authors tried to answer the question how exactly the modern school should do it. The research contains an analysis of numerous foreign and domestic scientific sources, as well as the authors’ own empirical research. The research objective was to identify the psychological and pedagogical conditions for orientation of adolescents to moral values during extracurricular activities. The empirical basis was the data obtained from a survey conducted at a secondary school (Romanovskaya Station) in 2018 (N=43). The research employed methods of analysis and synthesis. The results of theoretical and empirical research can find direct application in the educational process. They may also be useful for humanitarian departments of Russian pedagogical universities that prepare students for spiritual and moral education of students. In addition, the data can be used in the system of training and retraining of teachers.

The paper features the term "lifeworld" coined in 1910 by E. Husserl. The research objective was to describe the ideological content of Husserl's phenomenology, which determined the content and categorical design (type) of phenomenological sociology. E. Husserl introduced a systematic concept of the "lifeworld" and used it as a basis for a branch of social science now referred to as "understanding sociology". In addition, Husserl’s socio-philosophical and epistemological research helped to resolve the "crisis" of science, which he himself discovered, and to recreate the trampled dignity of human subjectivity. The research generalizes and clarifies various scientific views on the criticism of E. Husserl's naturalism and the problem of "lifeworld". Its results can be used in courses of sociology, philosophy, and history.

This article is a review of the collective monograph “Precarious employment. Origins, criteria, features” prepared by staff-fellows of the Sociology Faculty of the Russian State University for the Humanities. The monograph covers the criteria of precarious employment and the specifics of precariousness in the fields of industry, construction, transport, culture, education, health care, science, and agriculture. Some chapters describe certain aspects of precariousness: hidden forms of remuneration, manifestations of precariousness in the production organization, etc.

This article is a review of the recently published collective monograph edited by corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Doctor of Philosophy, Professor Zh. Toshchenko, titled “From precarious employment to precarization of life” (2022). The publication of the reviewed book was made possible thanks to financial assistance from “ARB-Forum M”. It is based on an extensive database of representative all-Russian sociological research conducted between 2014 and 2021. The two main goals of the book were: (a) to substantiate that “precarization of labor” has a pronounced tendency to project instability onto other areas of life; (b) to identify a creative and applied concept of “precarization of life” in relation to the emerging proto-class — the precariat. According to the reviewers, the author’s team managed, as usual, to give the reader a good understanding of the origins of how the precariat came about and its further development in society. At the same time, the authors of the work note that precarization is a complex phenomenon that should not be viewed through the prism of a single scientific discipline or sphere, as it was clearly illustrated to us in the book that precarization has already found its way into such spheres as healthcare, culture, education, politics, economics, household needs, i.e. into the public and private life of Russian people. But perhaps the most significant question is whether precarization can cease? The authors do not give the reader their own unambiguous answer to this question, but recognize that it is on the rise all around the world. In the reviewers’ opinion, this collective monograph makes a worthy contribution to the study of the precarization of life (and the precariat in general). At the end of the article, its authors summarize the main propositions of the book, briefly mentioning them, and also point out the weak and rather contradictory (controversial) sides of the reviewed monograph that require much more thorough study in the future.

The author analyzes numerous scientific foreign and domestic publications and emphasizes that many aspects of Soviet upbringing go back to such prominent authors as K. Marx and V. I. Lenin. It was their views that became the fundamental guidelines for the new moral attitudes in the Soviet society. Essential forces of man are released only when contradictions between external circumstances and the creative nature of man have to be resolved. Marx believed that people are the products of circumstances and upbringing, and that an individual cannot be regarded as a blind and passive force: it is people who change circumstances and upbringing. Most authors believe that the Communist Party played a key role in the Soviet upbringing due to its total control and filtering of unnecessary information. In the 1970s–1980s, the USSR acquired great practical experience in this sphere. A thorough multilateral analysis of foreign literature revealed that foreign scientists displayed a great interest in the strong spirit of Soviet people, as well as in those new complex system-pedagogical trends that were implemented in the 1970-s in the USSR. Soviet scientists distinguished more than 160 features that a person should have, i.e. diligence, respect for the elderly, aesthetic taste, physical perfection, etc.