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COMMENTARYodern increases in computers' capacity to store and process data have made pos sible the emergence and advancement of countless tech nologies that directly impact the daily lives of the world's population. Although discussion of some of the most powerful new technologies began in the last century, only recent ly has their development generated large paradigm shifts. Important examples include artificial intelli gence, data mining, and machine learning, among others. These tech nologies have then become re sponsible for the socalled Fourth Industrial Revolution (or Industry 4.0), where there is convergence be tween the digital, physical, and biological environment.The concept of Health 4.0 ad dresses the broad possibility of applying the technologies of Indus try 4.0 to improve healthcare (as shown in Table 1; cf. Democracy 4.0 [1]). In this commentary we address the challenges and perspectives of Health 4.0 and how the risk of lack of control can delay its emergence (see also [2]).In recent years, research on dis ruptive technologies in Industry 4.0 has increased exponentially in several fields, both in industrial M

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