Objectives. The purpose of the current research is to define and operationalize moral injury based on moral standards, moral judgements, moral reasoning, moral emotions, moral behaviour, and moral consequences; to explore verbal emotional disclosure of moral injury in Holodomor survivors’ narratives. Materials & Methods. The study applies traumatic narratives of 42 survivors of the Holodomor of 1932–1933 in Ukraine. Main themes aligned with morality structure were captured, using software tool NVivo.12. The study uses LIWC2015 to search for psychological meaningful categories, notably anxiety, anger, sadness, and insights (deep comprehension). The research uses the cross-sectional design utilizing the independent variables of anxiety, anger, insights and dependent variable of moral emotions represented in narratives for multiple linear regression analysis and correlations (2-tailed Pearson r) between components of morality, anxiety, sadness and insights, SPSS. 26. Results. There is a high frequency of moral judgements and a low frequency of moral emotions and moral consequences in the narratives. A significant positive correlation was found between moral standards and other components of morality, in particular moral judgements, moral reasoning, moral consequences, anxiety, sadness and insight. There was a significant positive correlation between moral emotions and anger, and insight. Anxiety, insights and anger taken together are significant predictors of moral emotions, however, only anger is a robust significant independent predictor of moral emotions. Conclusions. Verbal emotional disclosure of traumatic experience relates to expressing righteous anger, contempt, disgust, decreased empathy, and embarrassment, which substitute other moral emotions, notably shame and guilt. The study contributes to our understanding of anxiety, anger, insights (deep comprehension) taken together as robust predictors of moral emotions. Finally, we captured that there are difficulties in verbal emotional disclosure of experience and moral consequences of the Holodomor, since Holodomor survivors predominantly focus on moral judgements and moral standards.

This study examines psycholinguistic structure of autobiographical and traumatic narratives representing positive emotional and stressful traumatic life events. The research applied the cross sectional, between subjects design utilizing the independent variables of external agent they, space and time and dependent variable of word number in traumatic narratives for multiple regression analysis. The approval letter to recruit the participants through SONA system in 2015–2016 academic year was obtained from Institutional Review Board of Oklahoma State University (USA). 64 undergraduates of nonclinical setting, females (n=37), males (n=27), mean age was 19.43 (SD=1.37) were recruited. PTSD-8: A Short PTSD Inventory assesses PTSD, the Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC) analyzes traumatic and autobiographical narratives in terms of linguistic units and psychological meaningful categories. The results indicate that there are significant differences between pronoun they as external agent of proposition and psychological categories of negative emotions and anxiety in traumatic and autobiographical narratives. The frequency of these categories is higher in traumatic narratives compared with autobiographical narratives. External agent they, category of time and space  taken together significantly contribute to word number in traumatic narrative. There is a negative correlation between focus on the past and word count, and positive correlation between social category and word count in traumatic narrative in nonclinical sample. To sum up, propositional structure of traumatic memory of individuals without PTSD is represented by external agent and context (place and time) taken together. Considering time as a significant negative predictor of creating traumatic narrative, temporal processing without overestimation of time is an important factor of avoiding PTSD. 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While severity of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms and moral injury among civilians affected by armed conflicts is generally understudied, even less research exists on civilian populations during an active war. This paper reports a large-scale study that administered standard assessments of PTSD and moral injury severity, as well as rich demographic questionnaires, to nearly 1300 Ukrainian civilians during the ongoing Russian invasion. Analyses revealed an extremely high prevalence of severe PTSD symptoms and moral injury, relative to both proposed clinical cut-offs and to earlier measurements from a similar population. Further regression analyses identified risk factors and protective factors. Greater severity of PTSD symptoms was observed among women, older and forcibly displaced individuals, and individuals from geographic regions under Russian occupation. Higher education correlated with milder PTSD symptoms. Moral injury was particularly strong in younger individuals. The present study is one of the first to report a large scale set of psychological data collected from the civilian population of Ukraine during the ongoing Russian invasion. It is obvious from the scope and long-term nature of the atrocities that psychological treatment of the civilian population will be required both presently, while the hostilities are ongoing, and in the future. This data contributes to a detailed understanding of the psychological response to traumatic stress, including its overall prevalence and presence in specific demographically and geographically defined civilian groups.

Останні досягнення в галузі комп’ютерних лінгвістичних та психологічних інструментів дослідження актуалізують не лише потребу поширення сфер їхнього застосування, а й застосування з носіями різних мов. Тому актуальним видається вивчення особливостей перекладу на основі з’ясування культурних відмінностей. Дослідження сьогодення в галузі перекладознавства визнають критичну роль, що її відіграють перекладацькі трансформації як психолінгвальні логічні операції, які тривають у голові перекладача. Ця розвідка вивчає шляхи адекватного відтворення українською мовою вибраних слів зі словника програми Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC) 2015 (Pennebaker et al., 2015) на основі встановлення їхніх семантичних, прагаматичних та культурних аспектів значення. Найголовнішим висновком дослідження є те, що перекладачеві під час роботи слід удаватися до застосування низки перекладацьких трансформацій, як-от: диференціація, конкретизація, генералізація значення слова, а також транскодування, експлікація, калькування. Деякі мовні одниці, наприклад, із категорії ‘Leisure’, ‘Netspeak’ не перекладалися взагалі, зберігаючи їхню оригінальну англомовну форму, позаяк сьогодні носії англійської та української спільно вживають таку лексику в своєму мовленні. Перспективним видається дослідження способів перекладу словника LIWC на базі інших мов. Література References Корунець, І. В. Теорія та практика перекладу. Вінниця: Нова книга, 2007. Карабан, В. І. Переклад англійської наукової і технічної літератури [Текст]: у 2-х ч. Ч. 1., Ч. 2. Вінниця: Нова книга, 2004. Кияк Т. Р. Функції та переклад термінів у фахових текстах// Вісник Житомирського державного університету імені Івана Франка. № 32. С. 104-108. Максімов С. Є. Практичний курс перекладу. К.: Ленвіт, 2010. Pennebaker, J. W., Booth, R.J., Francis, M. E. (2007). Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC): LIWC2007. Austin, TX: University of Texas at Austin. Pennebaker, J.W., Boyd, R.L., Jordan, K., & Blackburn, K. (2015). The Development and Psychometric Properties of LIWC2015 . Austin, TX: University of Texas at Austin. Pennebaker, J. W., Francis ME, Booth RJ. (2001). Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC): LIWC2001. Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. References (translated and transliterated) Коrunets’, І. (2007). Teoriya ta Praktyka Perekladu [Theory and Practice of Translation]. Vinnytsia: Nova Knyha. Кaraban, V. (2004). Pereklad Angliyskoyi Naukovoyi i Tekhnichnoyi Literatury [Translation of English Scientific and Technical Literature]. Volumes 1-2. Vinnytsia: Nova Knyha. Kyiak, T. (2007). Funktsii ta pereklas terminiv u fakhovykh tekstakh [Functions and translation of terms in specialized texts]. Visnyk of Zhytomyr State University, 32, 104-108. Maksimov, S. (2010). Praktychnyi Kurs Perekladu [Practical Course of Translation]. Kyiv: Lenvit. Pennebaker, J. W., Booth, R.J., Francis, M. E. (2007). Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC): LIWC2007. Austin, TX: University of Texas at Austin. Pennebaker, J.W., Boyd, R.L., Jordan, K., & Blackburn, K. (2015). The Development and Psychometric Properties of LIWC2015 . Austin, TX: University of Texas at Austin. Pennebaker, J. W., Francis ME, Booth RJ. (2001). Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC): LIWC2001. Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.