Modern web clickstream data consists of long, high-dimensional sequences of multivariate events, making it difficult to analyze. Following the overarching principle that the visual interface should provide information about the dataset at multiple levels of granularity and allow users to easily navigate across these levels, we identify four levels of granularity in clickstream analysis: patterns, segments, sequences and events. We present an analytic pipeline consisting of three stages: pattern mining, pattern pruning and coordinated exploration between patterns and sequences. Based on this approach, we discuss properties of maximal sequential patterns, propose methods to reduce the number of patterns and describe design considerations for visualizing the extracted sequential patterns and the corresponding raw sequences. We demonstrate the viability of our approach through an analysis scenario and discuss the strengths and limitations of the methods based on user feedback.

Several studies have examined the efficacy of behavior analytic coaching strategies in sports to increase performance fluency. Rock climbing is a multifaceted sport requiring mastery of several complex behavior chains in order to successfully navigate climbing surfaces. To date, most investigations have focused on the physiological aspects of rock climbing, as opposed to training specific rock-climbing movements. In this replication and extension, researchers used a multiple baseline design across skills to examine an expert video modeling plus video and verbal feedback training package on foundational rock-climbing skills of novice adult climbers. Results demonstrated that all participants showed an increase in accurate performance for all three skills that were targeted in the intervention.

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Current strategies to ensure compliance with needle-based medical procedures in populations with intellectual or developmental disabilities can have negative side effects, which include the use of restrictive practices, especially when patients exhibit challenging behavior. Using behavioral strategies may be a safer and effective alternative to traditional approaches. In the current study we sought to provide a scoping review of the research on the use of behavioral strategies to increase compliance with needle-based medical procedures. We analyzed research efficacy at both the study level and individual level to determine the impact of behavioral strategies on (a) compliance with needle-based medical procedures and (b) reduction of challenging behavior. Only one of nine studies met What Works Clearinghouse standards for single-case research design. Most studies were able to produce compliance with actual needle-based medical procedures either during the studies or during follow-up phases. Those studies that measured challenging behavior produced large reductions in challenging behavior throughout their interventions. Most studies used differential reinforcement techniques without extinction. Although study quality was generally limited, studies produced robust effects in all participants. Most studies involved multicomponent treatment packages that make it difficult to determine the effects of individual treatment components. Initial research in the application of behavioral strategies to needle-based medical procedures are compelling, but much more research is needed before recommending specific strategies for practitioners.