Background Research has demonstrated that therapeutic interventions based on the self-efficacy theory produce positive outcomes for people who exhibit addictive behaviors, such as alcohol and drug use. Several questionnaires based on self-efficacy theory have been developed to evaluate the extent to which intervention programs can modify behavior. The present study describes the psychometric properties of the Farsi version of the Drug Abstinence Self-Efficacy Scale (DASES). Design and methods The forward–backward approach was employed to translate the DASES from English into Farsi. A cross-sectional study was conducted, and the psychometric properties of the Farsi version of the DASES were measured. Using a cluster sampling method, 400 male people who use drugs aged 20 years or older were selected from 10 addiction treatment clinics in Mazandaran, Iran. The internal consistency and test–retest methods were used to measure the reliability of the DASES. Face and content validity were measured, and the construct validity of the DASES was assessed through both exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). The data were analyzed using SPSS and AMOS. Results The results of the EFA indicated a four-factor solution for the DASES that accounted for 64.72% of the observed variance. The results obtained from the CFA demonstrated that the data fitted the model: the relative chi square (× 2/df) equaled 1.99 (p < 0.001), and the root mean square error of approximation equaled 0.071 (90% CI = 0.059–0.082). All the comparative indices of the model were equal to or greater than 0.90 (0.91, 0.93, 0.94, 0.93, and 0.90, respectively). The Cronbach’s alpha ranged from 0.90 to 0.93, proving a satisfactory reliability. Additionally, the intraclass correlation coefficient ranged from 0.75 to 0.98, which is an acceptable result. Conclusions This study’s results show that the Iranian version of the DASES has good psychometric properties and is appropriate for assessing substance use behaviors among Iranian addicted persons.

Background Fertility choice is a critical women’s right. Although researchers have studied the positive effects of fertility desire, its different components have, unfortunately, been neither established nor implemented for parents. A reliable and valid scale is required to measure this vital aspiration of a couple. This study aims to develop and evaluate the psychometric properties of the Fertility Desire Scale (FDS), which is designed to assess fertility desire among Iranian parents. Methods A multi-phase instrument developmental approach was used to develop this scale in 2017. The items for the questionnaire were generated using three approaches: a qualitative study, an interview with an expert panel, and a comprehensive literature review. To provide a draft form of the questionnaire, we performed face and content validity analyses. The questionnaire validation was conducted on a sample of married women and men, recruited from public places affiliated with the Mazandaran province. Finally, measurement and analyses of exploratory and confirmatory factors, internal consistency reliability, item-scale correlation, and test-retest reliability of the questionnaire were performed to complete the validation process. Results Thirty-five items were initially developed on the basis of the interviews with the expert panel and the literature review. The questionnaire was subsequently reduced to include 27 items after performing the content and face validity testing. The exploratory factor analysis (EFA) identified four factors (positive childbearing motivations, preferences, childbearing worries, and social beliefs) comprising 19 items that jointly accounted for 55.44% of the observed variance. The confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) also revealed the suitable model fit for the data. The Cronbach’s alpha coefficient for the subscales ranged from .83 to .86, and the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) ranged from .88 to .92; these coefficients are well above the acceptable thresholds. Conclusion Results from this validation study demonstrated that the FDS is a valid and reliable questionnaire for measuring fertility desire that can be used in clinical practice, as well as in similar future studies.

Background The protection motivation theory (PMT) is a practical theory for defining how people are interested in responding in a self-protective way concerning a perceived health threat. At present, there is no comprehensive, validated scale for measuring factors affecting on people’ participation on preventive behaviors about COVID-19 in the world. A current study accomplished to develop and evaluate the validity and reliability of the theory-based scale using the protection motivation theory (PMT) constructs as a theoretical structure for measuring factors affecting on preventive behaviors of COVID-19. Design and methods: A multi-phase scale developmental method was applied to develop a scale for assessing affecting factors on preventive behaviors about COVID-19 (AFPB-CO) in 2020. The items for the AFPB-CO scale were made using three methods: literature review, interview with laypeople, and expert panel. To prepare a draft form of the AFPB-CO scale, we accomplished content and face validity analyses. The AFPB-CO scale validation was accompanied by a sample of laypeople, recruited from cyberspace and social networks. Finally, the construct validity of the AFPB-CO scale was assessed by applying both exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Internal consistency and test-retest methods were used for assessing the reliability of the AFPB-CO scale. Data were analyzed using SPSS and AMOS. Results Results obtained from factor analysis showed that the data were fit to the model (χ2 = 5276.468, P < 0.001), and MPT consisted of 36 items assessing five domains, which describing 58.64% of the common variance. The CFA showed a model with suitable fitness for the data. Cronbach’s alpha coefficient for the domains of the scale ranged from .62 to .84, and the ICC value ranged from .73 to .87, which is within satisfactory ranges. Conclusions The results from this study show that the Iranian version of the AFPB-CO has excellent psychometric properties and is appropriate for assessing the affecting factors on preventive behaviors among Iranian people toward COVID-19.

Use of the Health Education Campaign (HEC) in the Field of Breast Cancer Screening in the North of Iran[1] Breast cancer in Iran: Need for greater women awareness of warning signs and effective screening methods [2] Health beliefs about mammography and clinical breast examination among female healthcare providers in Tabriz health centers [3] Proapoptotic PUMA targets stem-like breast cancer cells to suppress metastasis [4] Breast cancer status in Iran: Statistical analysis of 3010 cases between 1998 and 2014 [5] Cancer registry in Iran: A brief overview [6] Knowledge and source of information about early detection techniques of breast cancer among women in Iran: a systematic review [7] Cancer incidence and mortality in Iran [8] Geographic distribution of breast cancer incidence in Iran [9] Factors associated with breast self-examination among Malaysian women teachers [10] Predictors of adherence to clinical breast examination and mammography screening among Malaysian women [11] The role of clinical breast examination and breast self-examination [12] Awareness and breast cancer risk factors: Perception and screening practices among females in a tertiary institution in Southwest Nigeria [13] Knowledge, attitude and practice of women in Ardabil about breast self-examination, 2000 [14] Knowledge, attitude, and practice on breast cancer screening methods among women in the North of Iran [15] Sociocultural factors associated with breast selfexamination among Iranian women [16] What social media offers to health professionals and citizens [17] Breast self-examination: Defining a cohort still in need [18] Mammography screening participation: Effects of a media campaign targeting Italian-speaking women [19] Evaluating a campaign to detect early stage breast tumors in the United States [20] Evaluation of a cancer awareness campaign: Experience with a selected population in Karachi [21] Educational intervention to improve breast health knowledge among women in Jordan [22] Breast cancer awareness campaign: Will it make a difference? [23] Evaluating the effects of a youth health media campaign [24] Original: Anti-smoking media campaign messages: Theory and practice [25] Mass media campaign improves cervical screening across all socio-economic groups Aims Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women.The Health Education Campaign (HEC) is an important educational strategy for breast cancer screening. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the (HEC) based training on the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of women, regarding breast cancer screening methods.Materials & Methods This was a pre-and post-quasi-experimental study conducted among 200 women over 20 years in Mazandaran Province. A self-made 34-item questionnaire was used to collect the data. A pretest was performed before the educational intervention and a posttest was conducted 12 weeks after the intervention. The data were analyzed by logistic regression, Pearson correlation coefficient, and one way ANOVA, using SPSS 22. Findings The mean age of th...

Background:Diabetes is the most prevalent metabolic disease with a growing spread rate in word wide. Short message service (SMS) is of the most common public communication networks, which have brought about a broad spectrum of applications like social, cultural and service products in the late decade. The objective of this research is, the investigate of using SMS on diabetes patients self-caring.Methods:In an interventional study, 228 diabetes patients have been selected from a community charity. With using of random sampling method, they were divided into two groups of 114 subjects as the control and case. The case group was sent messages reminding them about sports, caring foot, taking insulin and oral tablet for 4 weeks via mobile phone. After 4 weeks, a posttest questionnaire was completed. The data analysis was performed using a descriptive statistic, Chi-square, independent t-test, and paired t-test.Results:There are not significant differences between case and control groups before intervention by studied dependent variables (P > 0.05). Performance score mean of taking care of foot, sport and taking oral tablet and insulin in case group before intervention were 29.90, 10, 11.16 and 3.75 respectively and after intervention were 20.11, 41.36, 13.09 and 4.90, respectively. Furthermore, the performance scores mean difference after intervention, taking care of foot (P < 0.001), sport (P < 0.001), taking oral tablet (P = 0.020) was meaningful in case and control groups.Conclusions:Regarding the study results on using cell phone, to utilize virtual training methods is recommended as an appropriate procedure for different health care, self-caring and follow-up training plans for various groups in society, especially diabetic and chronic patients.