Breast cancer is the first of the most important causes of the deaths of women in the world and in Iran. There are various causes and causes of this cancer, one of which has recently been described as a cause of breast cancer, is the human papillomavirus (HPV). The HPV is transmitted through sexual contact and skin lesions. There are more than 100 types of HPV that can influence different parts of the body. Some types of HPV can cause cancer (such as cervical or anal cancer) and others can cause warts (such as genital or plantar warts). To study the risk of HPV infection in Breast Cancer, we managed a Case-Control study in Kerman, southeast of Iran. For this purpose, 98 paraffin blocks of breast cancer and 40 paraffin blocks of fibrocystic as a control were tested for the presence of HPV DNA using Real-Time PCR, and HPV typing was done using INNo-Lippa assay. HPV DNA was detected in 8 out of 98 patients (8.2%), while it was not detected in the control group samples. HPV types 16, 18 were the most common (62.5%) types in positive samples. The prevalence of HPV in patients with breast cancer of Iran is very low and less than other regions of the world, it seems that maybe rout of transmission of HPV in Iran is under control. No one knows exactly why breast cancer occurs. The environment, hormones, Viruses, or your lifestyle could all play a role in the development of breast cancer. Currently, Vaccination is the best way to prevent cancer that’s due to HPV. However, additional studies on the larger group of patients are needed to explain the roles of HPV in Breast cancer.

Background:Cytomegalovirus (CMV) virus can hide in urinary genital tract cells and affect male infertility disorders. Objective:To evaluate frequency of CMV in the semen samples of men with infertility problems referring to a in vitro fertilization (IVF) center in Kerman, Iran and its association with the parameters of semen. Materials and Methods:In this case-control study, Real time polymerase chain reaction test was performed for detection of human cytomegalovirus in 100 fertile men compared to 100 infertile men referred to the IVF center of Afzalipour Hospital, Kerman, Iran.Results:Out of 200 samples, 30 samples (15%) were positive for CMV DNA virus (23/100 men (23%) in case group and 7/100 men (7%) in the control group). Sperm counts and motility in the control group were more than the case group (p˂0.0001). There was a significant relationship between the prevalence of CMV infection and male infertility (p˂0.001). Conclusion:Our finding showed that, prevalence of CMV infection was higher in infertile men compared to fertile men and CMV infection can be considered as an important part of male infertility. So; antiviral treatment of positive cases can be effective in improving sperm quality and successful IVF. The relationship between CMV infection in semen and infertility was obtained in previous studies and was confirmed by our study.

Background: Programmed death-1 (PD-1) is major inhibitory molecule that reduces T cell activation. PD-1 and their polymorphisms have separately been shown to be associated with hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the association of PD1 polymorphisms with potential of chronic hepatitis B infection in Iranian population to do a Case-Control study. Methods: In this study HBV DNA, and PD-1 mRNA, were extracted from 60 patients with chronic hepatitis B and 60 healthy blood donors as control. HBV Viral Load, polymorphism genotype of the two groups and level expression of PD1 gene were evaluated using Real time PCR method. Results: Age mean of the control group was 40.7 ± 3.7 and 35.86 ± 11.18 year's old age for the case group. The GG allele between the two groups had the same frequency (73.3% in CHB group and 80% in healthy group). The GA allele in patients with hepatitis B (20%) was most frequent. There was a significant association between the GA allele and chronic hepatitis B infection. There was no significant relationship between the ages of the subjects with SNPrs10204525. Also, the expression of PD-1 mRNA was higher in people with hepatitis B than in healthy group. Conclusion: The results of this study showed that there is a significant relationship between the presence of rs10204525 polymorphisms in the PD-1 gene in patients with chronic hepatitis B infection and the association between the GA allele and chronic hepatitis B can be linked.

Polymorphisms in the region of the interleukin IL-28 gene on chromosome 19 have been related with clearance of hepatitis C virus (HCV), a major human pathogen responsible for chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. About 3% of the world's population is infected with HCV. The long-term response to therapy is influenced by many host and viral factors, and recent evidence has indicated that some host genetic polymorphisms related to IL-28 are the most powerful predictors of virological response in patients with HCV. This study assessed frequency of the IL-28 polymorphism (rs8099917) in 50 patients (39 men and 11 women ) with chronic hepatitis C using ZNA probe real time PCR new method . All patients were tested for genotype of HCV and the HCV viral load. In parallel, the levels of SGOT, SGPT and ALK enzymes were assessed. Treatment using Peg-interferon alpha with ribavirin was conducted for patients and subsequently samples were collected to detect any change in viral load or liver enzyme rates. The overall frequency of the TT allele is 74%, TG allele 20% and GG allele 6% and the percent of patients who had T allele was 84%. Clear reduction in viral load and liver enzymes was reported in patients with the T allele. Especially for genotype 1 which is relatively resistant to treatment, these alleles may have a role in this decline. In conclusion, we showed that IL-28 polymorphism rs8099917 strongly predicts virological response in HCV infection and that real-time PCR with Zip nucleic acid probes is a sensitive, specific and rapid detection method for detection of SNPs which will be essential for monitoring patients undergoing antiviral therapy.

Background and Objectives: The viral transactivator HBx protein affect cellular, viral and pregenomic factors pathway. Mutations in this protein can produce new viruses with new antigenic determinants that are generally related to developing cancerous. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 33 serum samples of patients diagnosed with acute HBV infection were investigated for HBeAg and HBV DNA viral load and HBx gene mutations. mutation in the HBx protein detected by sequencing analysis. Results: Out of the 33 samples, 19 samples were males (57.6%), and 14 samples were females. 15 (45.5%) were positive for HBx DNA and 18 patients were negative for HBx DNA (54.5%). After sequencing, three mutations were recognized in HBx at nucleotide positions 147, 148, and 391 that were stationed to G1524A, G1525A, and G1767C mutations. Conclusion: The analysis result of this study shows G1524A and G1525A mutations that an important role in altering the inhibition function of the HBx activity domain. The G1767C mutation inactivates HBx transactivation activity. These muta- tions have a critical role in the pathogenicity of the virus, and the intensity of hepatic tissue demolition and the development of cirrhosis or carcinoma in patients can be understood.