Objectives Falls are a major health problem and a leading cause of injury-related death and disabilities in the elderly. Therefore, the aim of this study was to survey fall prevalence and its related factors among the elderly in Bojnurd. Methods & Materials This cross-sectional study was performed on 288 elderly residents in Bojnurd in 2015. By strata sampling, the elderly people were included in the study according to their population in each stratum by randomization. Data was collected by a self-made checklist that included demographic characteristics, history of falls in the last six months, and programs prevent of falls at habitat. Data were analyzed by independent-t and chi-square tests using SPSS 20 software. Results The fall prevalence rate in elderly people was 30%. In total, 54.2% of samples were men and 45.8% were women, and the mean age was 70.42±8.56 years. Around 55.1% falls occurred in home or elderly care center. In this study, there was a significant correlation between fall prevalence and age over 60 years (P=0.01), consumption of hypnotic and sedative drugs (P=0.03), back pain (P=0.008), arthritis (P=0.03), problems with walking (P<0.001), problems with sitting and standing (P=0.009), hearing problems (P=0.02), environmental factors at home such as status stairs and railings (P<0.001), status cover the floors (p<0

Introduction: One of the significant threatening health and life older adult is social isolation. Therefor need for an appropriate scale is necessary. This study was performed for validity and reliability Persian version of the Lubben social network-6 scale in elderly adults in Bojnurd. Methods: This methodological study was a cross-sectional study conducted in 2016. Two hundred older people over sixty years old were randomly proportional to the population selected form all health care centers in Bojnurd. Interviewers completed the Persian version of lubben social network -6 scale. After calculating CVI and CVR, Cronbach alpha was used by SPSS and AMOS software and exploratory factor analysis of the first and second stages. Results: In the present study, 39% of the older people scored less than 12. The value CVI=0.97 and CVR= 0.91. Cronbach's alpha for the total scale was 0.896. Exploratory factor analysis indicates two dimensions; family and friends. According to structural fit analysis X 2 /df = 0.988, NFI = 0.971, CFI = 0.980 and RMSA = 0.88. Conclusions:The Persian version of the Lubben social network -6 scale has good validity and reliability in Iranian older people. Furthermore, given a low number of questions, it is a good tool for measuring social isolation in Persian elders.

BACKGROUND: Osteoarthritis is the main and most common cause of pain and disability in older people. It affects women 3.5 times more than men. AIM: Therefore, the present study aimed to determine the effect of effleurage massage therapy on symptoms of osteoarthritis in elderly women with osteoarthritis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The present study was a cross-sectional clinical trial with a control group on 58 elderly women with mild to moderate osteoarthritis in 2018. At the first stage of the study, we give a massage on each knee every day for 15 min a week by the Effleurage method with standard treatment (100 mg diclofenac) and the control group only received standard treatment. At the second stage, the intervention was shifted in groups according to the study type after 3 weeks of washout. The research instrument was a native questionnaire (The Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score [KOOS]). We analyzed data using the SPSS20. RESULTS: The research results indicated that knee massage techniques could reduce the severity of symptoms at both stages of the study in the intervention group. At the first stage, the severity of symptoms in Group A (intervention group) significantly decreased after the intervention compared to the pre-intervention and also decreased after washout in Group B (intervention group) after the intervention compared to the pre-intervention (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: Given the effect of massage on reducing symptoms of knee osteoarthritis (morning dryness, stiffness, and swelling,) in elderly women with osteoarthritis, massage therapy is recommended as an effective intervention to reduce symptoms of knee osteoarthritis in these patients.

Background: Social capital (SC) is an essential concept of communities, and there is more SC inequality. In the current study, we studied SC Inequality concerning the explanatory socioeconomic factors. Methods: In a cross-sectional observational study, the household data were retrieved from an Urban Health Equity Assessment and Response Tool survey in 2011. Over 5000 elderlies in Tehran (> 60 years old) consented toparticipate in the study and filled out 2 SC questionnaires (SCQ) and a household properties questionnaire (HPQ). Subsequently, the collected HPQ data were then statistically analyzed and used to measure the economic status of households. Besides, the statistical concentration index of the SC was applied to measure socioeconomic inequality and decomposed into its determinants using both SCQ and HPQ data collections. The concentration index and the decomposition analysis were used to analyze the study data. Results: The overall concentration index of the SC in Tehran senior citizens was 0.059 (95%CI,0.044-0.076). Among the SC dimensions, collective activity, social coherence, voluntary help, and social network were more concentrated in the poor older adults. Simultaneously, reciprocity was more focused onthe wealthy class, and there was no inequality in trust. The decomposition of the concentration index showed that economic status made the most considerable contribution to the SC inequality among citizens (69.11%), followed by the level of education (12.695) and the elderlies'job type (9.58%). Conclusion: Given that the economic status and level of education are the 2 main determinants of SC inequality, a holistic policy approach should be adopted to address the socioeconomic inequalities that are taken root in Tehran's senior communities.

Objectives Social network in older adults refers to interpersonal relationships and the perception of these relationships. Given the importance of the social network, the current study was conducted to answer three pivotal questions. First, do personal and regional factors affect the social network of the elderly? Second, how much share do the individual and regional factors have in the social network of the elderly? And third, which of these factors affect the social network of the elderly at each level of the personal and regional relationships. Methods & Materials The study was conducted based on the second round of the Tehran city health equity and response tool (Urban-Heart 2). Thus, 5760 individuals (age <60 year) were selected from 22 urban regions in Tehran City. These data were then analyzed using the multilevel regression model. Results The personal and regional levels explained about 89% and 11% of the social network of the elderlies, respectively. The individual factors explained 21% of the variance in the social network. Out of these parameters, age between 60 and 74, illiteracy, self-reported health, and mental health affected the social network significantly. At the regional level, the feeling of security, the control of corruption, the waiting time for bus arrival, and the sense of responsibility were the most influential factors explaining 19% of the variance in the social network. Conclusion Not only is the social network of the elderlies affected by personal factors such as age, education level, and self-reported health and mental health, but it is also affected by regional factors (feeling of security, the control of corruption, the sense of responsibility, and waiting time for bus arrival). Although these regional factors are out of personal control, they can be improved for the elderly in society.