Kinesin-1 and Growth Associated Protein 43 (GAP-43) localization in muscle fiber are crucial for proper skeletal muscle hypertrophy. To evaluate this assumption, we investigated the beneficial effects of endurance training on GAP-43 and Kinesin Family Member 5B (KIF5B) expression in gastrocnemius muscle of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Fifty-two male rats were randomly divided into four groups: healthy control (C), healthy trained (T), diabetic control (DC) and diabetic trained (DT). Diabetes was induced by a single intraperitoneal injection of STZ (45 mg/kg). The rats in DT and T groups were subjected to treadmill running for 5 days a week over 6 weeks. The results indicated that the GAP-43 and KIF5B protein levels in the DC group were significantly lower than those in the C group. Additionally, chronic treadmill running in diabetic rats was accompanied by significant increase of GAP-43 and KIF5B protein expression, compared to DC group. Furthermore, the endurance training in healthy rats was associated with a significant increase of GAP-43 and KIF5B protein levels. In addition, we found positive correlation between GAP-43 and KIF5B protein levels and myonuclear number per fiber and average gastrocnemius cross-sectional area (CSA). GAP43 and KIF5B protein levels were decreased in skeletal muscles of diabetic rats, and exercise training had beneficial effects and could restore their abnormal expression. Moreover, there is a strong relationship between muscle hypertrophy and GAP-43 and KIF5B protein levels.

Background:The relationship between decreased activity/neuropathic pain and gene expression alterations in soleus muscle has remained elusive.Objectives:In this experimental study, we investigated the effects of decreased activity in neuropathic pain form on Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 5 (CDK5) and Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3 β (GSK-3β) gene expression in soleus muscle of rats.Materials and Methods:Twelve male Wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups: (1) tight ligation of the L5 spinal nerve (SNL: n = 4); (2) sham surgery (Sham: n = 4), and (3) control (C: n = 4). The threshold to produce a withdrawal response to a mechanical and thermal stimulus was measured using von Frey filaments and radiation heat apparatus, respectively. Following 4 weeks after surgery, the left soleus muscle was removed and mRNA levels were determined by real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR).Results:Compared to control animals, L5 ligated animals developed mechanical and heat hypersensitivity during total period of study. Soleus muscle weight as well as CDK5 mRNA levels (less than ~ 0.4 fold) was decreased and GSK-3β mRNA levels (up to ~ 7 folds) increased in L5 ligated animals.Conclusions:These results showed enhanced muscle atrophy processes following peripheral nerve damage and might provide a useful approach to study underlying muscle mechanisms associated with clinical neuropathic pain syndromes.

Background. In team sports, according to perform variety of motor skills, development of special bio-motor abilities and imposed proper exercise stress, hematologic adaptations following exercise will be different. Objectives. Therefore, the aim of this study was the effects of six weeks combined training program on hematological parameters in elite basketball players. Methods. Fifteen athletes from 30 qualified players for basketball playoff league, with the average age of (24±1/5) years, selected randomly and they were participated in 6weeks (3 sessions per week) of combined training (circular resistance training and basketball special-skills). Blood samples were drawn in the fasting state for Three times: before, after and 24 recovery hours in order to measure the hematologic parameters (red and white blood cells, hemoglobin, hematocrit, MCV, PLT, MCH, MCHC, plasma volume). Results. Significant increase in the white blood cells and platelet counts were obtained, in two stages; after and 24 hours recovery times. While the levels of hemoglobin, hematocrit, and number of red blood cells (RBC) were decreased after 24 hours of recovery significantly. The significant changes weren't observed in MCH, MCHC, MCV and plasma volume factors following the combined training program. Conclusion. Performing combined training plays an important role in physiological and hematological adaptations processes and promotion athletic performance. While, prescription this method of training must be associated with regularly biochemical blood monitoring to balance between exercises stress and recovery strategies.

Background: Experimental evidence demonstrated that endurance training (ET) could be beneficial for the diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN), but its mechanism is not clear. Due to the critical role of the ADP-ribosylation factor (Arf6) in the nervous system, the current study aimed at evaluating the effects of ET on gene expression of Arf6 in cerebellum of male Wistar rats with DPN. Methods: Animals were randomly divided into three groups: Control (C), diabetic control (DC), and diabetic trained (DT). Diabetes induction was performed by a single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ). Behavioral nociception assessment was conducted by Von Frey filaments and tail flick tests. Treadmill protocol consisted of six weeks of moderate intensity endurance training. The Arf6 cerebellar gene expression was assessed by the real-time PCR.Results: In the current study, the Arf6 gene expression levels in the DC group were significantly higher than those of the C group (P = 0.003). Also, ET could damp this elevation in diabetic rats (P = 0.004). Conclusions: It seems that Arf6 is an important mediator of stress-induced plasticity in the nervous system in response to ET and neurodegeneration disease, but the exact physiological functions of Arf6 are not clear. Hence, further studies are required to identify these issues.

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